Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Experimental analysis of single layer multi-track deposition of clad beads with variable overlap percentages

  • ORIGINAL ARTICLE
  • Published:
The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Controlling the quality of a laser clad bead is one of the most important goals for the cladding process. The quality of the bead is predominantly affected by the process parameters, but the travel path operating parameters also influences the resultant geometry and mechanical properties. An experimental approach to investigate the mechanical properties of beads with variable overlap conditions is presented in this paper. This scenario occurs frequently but has not been investigated. Using the direct energy deposition (or laser cladding) process, 420 stainless steel beads are deposited onto mild steel. One-bead, two-bead, and four-bead configurations are evaluated for two different sample lengths. The percent overlap varied between 30 and 47% for the multi-bead samples. The bead geometry, hardness, and distortion results are collected and analysed. The percentage overlap impacts the hardness and the melt pool depth. The number of beads influences both those characteristics as well as the distortion. The sample length influences the distortion. These experiment data sets serve as the foundation for a calibrated finite element model.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12
Fig. 13
Fig. 14
Fig. 15
Fig. 16
Fig. 17

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Wang C, Gao Y, Wang R, Wei D, Cai M, Yaokun F (2018) Microstructure of laser-clad Ni60 cladding layers added with different amounts of rare-earth oxides on 6063 Al alloys. J Alloys Compd 740:1099–1107

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Weng F, Chen C, Yu H (2014) Research status of laser cladding on titanium and its alloys: a review. Mater Des 58:412–425

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Adebiyi DI, Popoola API (2015) Mitigation of abrasive wear damage of Ti-6Al-4 V by laser surface alloying. Mater Des 74:67–75

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Tabernero I, Lamikiz A, Ukar E (2014) Modeling of the geometry built-up by coaxial laser material deposition process. Int J Advanced Manuf Technology 70:843–851

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Aggarwal K, Urbanic RJ, Saqib SM (2018) Development of predictive models for effective process parameter selection for single and overlapping laser clad bead geometry. Rapid Prototyp J 24:214–228

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Ermurat M, Arslan MA, Erzincanli F, Uzman I (2013) Process parameters investigation of a laser- generated single clad for minimum size using design of experiments. J Rapid Prototyp 19:452–462

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Nabhani M, Razavi RS, Barekat M (2018) An empirical-statistical model for laser cladding of Ti-6Al-4 V powder on Ti-6Al-4 V substrate. Opt Laser Technol 100:265–271

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Tran HS, Tchuindjang JT, Paydas H, Mertens A, Jardin RT, Duchêne L, Carrus R, Lecomte-Beckers J, Habraken AM (2017) 3D thermal finite element analysis of laser cladding processed Ti-6Al-4 V part with microstructural correlations. Mater Des 128:130–142

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Wang W, Wang M, Jie Z, Sun F, Huang D (2008) Research on the microstructure and wear resistance of titanium alloy structural members repaired by laser cladding. Opt Laser Technol 46:810–816

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Ochonogor OF, Meacock C, Abdulwahab M, Pityana S, Popoola API (2012) Effects of Ti and TiC ceramic powder on laser-cladded Ti-6Al-4 V in situ intermetallic composite. Appl Surf Sci 263:591–596

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Weng F, Yu H, Chen C, Liu J, Zhao L, Dai J, Zhao Z (2017) Effect of process parameters on the microstructure evolution and wear property of the laser cladding coatings on Ti-6Al-4 V alloy. J Alloys Compd 692:989–996

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Nazemi N, Urbanic RJ (2018) A numerical investigation for alternative toolpath deposition solutions for surface cladding of stainless steel P420 powder on AISI 1018 steel substrate. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 96:9–12

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Paydas H, Mertens A, Carrus R, Lecomte-Beckers J, Tchuindjang JT (2015) Laser cladding as repair technology for Ti-6Al-4 V alloy: influence of building strategy on microstructure and hardness. Mater Des 85:497–510

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Farayibi PK, Abioye TE, Clare AT (2016) A parametric study on laser cladding of Ti-6Al-4 V wire and WC/W2C powder. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 87:3349–3358

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Nazemi N, Alam MK, Urbanic RJ, Saqib S, Edrisy A. “A hardness study on laser cladded surfaces for a selected bead overlap conditions.” Springer. SAE Technical Paper. 2017-01-0285

  16. Lindgren L-E (2001) Finite element modeling and simulation of welding part 1: increased complexity. J Therm Stresses 24:141–192

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Chiumenti M, Cervera M, Salmi A, de Saracibar CA, Dialami N, Matsui K (2010) Finite element modeling of multi-pass welding and shaped metal deposition processes. Comput Methods Appl Mech Eng 199:2343–2359

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Fessler J, Merz R, Nickel A, Prinz FB, Weiss L (1996) Laser deposition of metals for shape deposition manufacturing. Proc Solid Freeform Fab Symp:117–124

  19. Klingbeil NW, Beuth JL, Chin RK, Amon CH (2002) Residual stress-induced warping in direct metal solid free form fabrication. Int J Mech Sci 44:57–77

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Vayre B, Vignat F, Villeneuve F (2013) Identification on some design key parameters for additive manufacturing: application on electron beam melting. Procedia CIRP 7:264–269

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Grum J, Žnidaršič M (2004) Microstructure, microhardness, and residual stress analysis of laser surface cladding of low-carbon steel. Mater Manuf Process 19:243–258

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Plati A, Tan J, Golosnoy I, Persoons R, Van Acker K, Clyne T (2006) Residual stress generation during laser cladding of steel with a particulate metal matrix composite. Adv Eng Mater 8:619–624

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Ocelík V, Bosgra J, de Hosson J (2009) In-situ strain observation in high power laser cladding. Surf Coat Technol 203:3189–3196

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Zinovieva O, Zinoviev A, Ploshikhin V (2018) Three-dimensional modeling of the microstructure evolution during metal additive manufacturing. Comput Mater Sci 141:207–220

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Liu H, Hao J, ZhengtongHan GY, XiuliHe HY (2016) Microstructural evolution and bonding characteristic in multi-layer laser cladding of NiCoCr alloy on compacted graphite cast. J Mater Process Technol 232:153–164

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Nazemi N, Urbanic RJ (2017) An experimental and simulation study for powder injection multitrack laser cladding of P420 stainless steel on AISI 1018 steel for selected mechanical properties. J Manuf Sci Eng. 140

  27. Urbanic RJ, Saqib SM (2019) A manufacturing cost analysis framework to evaluate machining and fused filament fabrication additive manufacturing approaches. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 102:9–12

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Funding

The support provided by MITACs, CAMufacturing Solutions, Inc., and Lincoln Laser Inc. are gratefully acknowledged.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Mechanical, Automotive, and Materials Engineering, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, N9B 3P4, Canada

    Parvaneh Zareh & R. J. Urbanic

Authors
  1. Parvaneh Zareh
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. R. J. Urbanic
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to R. J. Urbanic.

Additional information

Publisher’s note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Zareh, P., Urbanic, R.J. Experimental analysis of single layer multi-track deposition of clad beads with variable overlap percentages. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 109, 1511–1525 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-020-05672-5

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-020-05672-5

Keywords

Search

Navigation