Abstract
Dissimilar metal welding leads to the development of brittleness in the welded joints due to incompatibility in mechanical and physical properties of the metals to be joined. To overcome such brittleness, suppressing the formation of intermetallic compound is the key factor for attaining reliable welded joints. The present study attempts to find the possibility of obtaining joints of crack-free surface in laser butt welding of Ti6Al4V with AISI 304 stainless steel sheets using intermetallic layer through electroplating process. Laser welding on Ti6Al4V titanium alloy with AISI 304 stainless steel sheets of 5 mm thickness has been performed providing copper as an intermetallic layer using electroplating process. Electroplating of the welding edges of two different materials was carried out with and without adding sulphuric acid in the electrolyte solution. The electroplating results indicate that addition of sulphuric acid in the solution increases the thickness of the coating. Presence of copper at the welding edges provides compatibility between Ti6Al4V and AISI 304 during the laser welding process and reduces brittleness. Laser welding was conducted using 3.5-kW CO2 laser with 3-m/min welding speed. The quality of weldment was characterized by macrostructure analysis by scanning electron microscope (SEM), analysis of composition of weldment by energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), phase analysis by X-ray diffraction (XRD), microhardness across the weldment by Vickers hardness tester and estimation of welding strength by dynamic mechanical analyser. Welding strength of around 34 MPa has been obtained and it is quite acceptable.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Shanmugarajan B, Padmanabham G (2012) Fusion welding studies using laser on Ti–SS dissimilar combination. Opt Lasers Eng 50(11):1621–1627
Dey HC, Ashfaq M, Bhaduri AK, Rao KP (2009) Joining of titanium to 304L stainless steel by friction welding. J Mater Process Technol 209(18–19):5862–5870
Welding EB, Handbook ASM (1993) Welding, brazing, and soldering. ASM Int 6:254
Tomashchuk I, Sallamand P, Belyavina N, Pilloz M (2013) Evolution of microstructures and mechanical properties during dissimilar electron beam welding of titanium alloy to stainless steel via copper interlayer. Mater Sci Eng A 585:114–122
Mudali UK, Rao BA, Shanmugam K, Natarajan R, Raj B (2003) Corrosion and microstructural aspects of dissimilar joints of titanium and type 304L stainless steel. J Nucl Mater 321(1):40–48
Ghosh M, Chatterjee S, Mishra B (2003) The effect of intermetallics on the strength properties of diffusion bonds formed between Ti–5.5Al–2.4V and 304 stainless steel. Mater Sci Eng A 363(1–2):268–274
Boyer RR (1996) An overview on the use of titanium in the aerospace industry. Mater Sci Eng A 213(1–2):103–114
Chen S, Zhang M, Huang J, Cui C, Zhang H, Zhao X (2014) Microstructures and mechanical property of laser butt welding of titanium alloy to stainless steel. Mater Des 53:504–511
Church SC, Wild RK (1998) Diffusion bonding of steel to Ti-6Al-4V to produce hard wearing surface layers. J Vac Sci Technol A 16(3):1885–1889
Murray JL (1987) Phase diagrams of binary titanium alloys. International, ASM, pp 99–111
Pardal G, Ganguly S, Williams S, Vaja J (2016) Dissimilar metal joining of stainless steel and titanium using copper as transition metal. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 86(5–8):1139–1150
Li L, Tan C, Chen Y, Guo W, Song F (2013) Comparative study on microstructure and mechanical properties of laser welded-brazed mg/mild steel and mg/stainless steel joints. Mater Des 43:59–65
Tan C, Song X, Meng S, Chen B, Li L, Feng J (2016) Laser welding-brazing of mg to stainless steel: joining characteristics, interfacial microstructure, and mechanical properties. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 86(1–4):203–213
Hailat MM, Mian A, Chaudhury ZA, Newaz G, Patwa R, Herfurth HJ (2012) Laser micro-welding of aluminum and copper with and without tin foil alloy. Microsyst Technol 18(1):103–112
Chen S, Yang D, Li M, Zhang Y, Huang J, Yang J, Zhao X (2016) Laser penetration welding of an overlap titanium-on-aluminum configuration. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 87(9–12):3069–3079
Torkamany MJ, Sabbaghzadeh J, Hamedi MJ (2012) Effect of laser welding mode on the microstructure and mechanical performance of dissimilar laser spot welds between low carbon and austenitic stainless steels. Mater Des 34:666–672
Ruggiero A, Tricarico L, Olabi AG, Benyounis KY (2011) Weld-bead profile and costs optimisation of the CO2 dissimilar laser welding process of low carbon steel and austenitic steel AISI316. Opt Laser Technol 43(1):82–90
Zhao S, Yu G, He X, Hu Y (2012) Microstructural and mechanical characteristics of laser welding of Ti6Al4V and lead metal. J Mater Process Technol 212(7):1520–1527
Li Q, Zhu Y, Guo J (2017) Microstructure and mechanical properties of resistance-welded NiTi/stainless steel joints. J Mater Process Technol 249:538–548
Lee WB, Kim YJ, Jung SB (2004) Effects of copper insert layer on the properties of friction welded joints between TiAl and AISI 4140 structural steel. Intermetallics 12(6):671–678
Lee WB, Jung SB (2004) Effect of microstructure on mechanical properties of friction-welded joints between Ti and AISI 321 stainless steel. Mater Trans 45(9):2805–2811
Wang T, Zhang B, Chen G, Feng J (2013) High strength electron beam welded titanium-stainless steel joint with V/cu based composite filler metals. Vacuum 94:41–47
Mitelea I, Groza C, Craciunescu C (2013) Copper interlayer contribution on Nd: YAG laser welding of dissimilar Ti-6Al-4V alloy with X5CrNi18-10 steel. J Mater Eng Perform 22(8):2219–2223
Chen S, Huang J, Xia J, Zhao X, Lin S (2015) Influence of processing parameters on the characteristics of stainless steel/copper laser welding. J Mater Process Technol 222:43–51
Yu XY, Zhou DR, Yao DJ, Lu FG, Xu PQ (2016) Fiber laser welding of WC-co to carbon steel using Fe-Ni invar as interlayer. Int J Refract Met Hard Mater 56:76–86
Huang BS, Yang J, Lu DH, Bin WJ (2016) Study on the microstructure, mechanical properties and corrosion behaviour of S355JR/316L dissimilar welded joint prepared by gas tungsten arc welding multi-pass welding process. Sci Technol Weld Join 21(5):381–388
Chen HC, Pinkerton AJ, Li L (2011) Fibre laser welding of dissimilar alloys of Ti-6Al-4V and Inconel 718 for aerospace applications. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 52(9–12):977–987
Khan MMA, Romoli L, Dini G (2013) Laser beam welding of dissimilar ferritic/martensitic stainless steels in a butt joint configuration. Opt Laser Technol 49:125–136
Gao M, Wang ZM, Li XY, Zeng XY (2012) Laser keyhole welding of dissimilar Ti-6Al-4V titanium alloy to AZ31B magnesium alloy. Metall Mater Trans A 43(1):163–172
Chen HC, Bi G, Lee BY, Cheng CK (2016) Laser welding of CP Ti to stainless steel with different temporal pulse shapes. J Mater Process Technol 231:58–65
Tomashchuk I, Grevey D, Sallamand P (2015) Dissimilar laser welding of AISI 316L stainless steel to Ti6-Al4-6V alloy via pure vanadium interlayer. Mater Sci Eng A 622:37–45
Wang T, Zhang B, Wang H, Feng J (2014) Microstructures and mechanical properties of electron beam-welded titanium-steel joints with vanadium, nickel, copper and silver filler metals. J Mater Eng Perform 23(4):1498–1504
Gao M, Mei SW, Wang ZM, Li XY, Zeng XY (2012) Characterisation of laser welded dissimilar Ti/steel joint using mg interlayer. Sci Technol Weld Join 17(4):269–276
Gao M, Chen C, Wang L, Wang Z, Zeng X (2015) Laser-arc hybrid welding of dissimilar titanium alloy and stainless steel using copper wire. Metall Mater Trans A 46(5):2007–2020
Tomashchuk I, Sallamand P, Andrzejewski H, Grevey D (2011) The formation of intermetallics in dissimilar Ti6Al4V/copper/AISI 316L electron beam and Nd:YAG laser joints. Intermetallics 19(10):1466–1473
Dehghanghadikolaei A, Fotovvati B (2019) Coating techniques for functional enhancement of metal implants for bone replacement: a review. Materials 12(11):1795
Uddin GM, Jawad M, Ghufran M, Saleem MW, Raza MA, Rehman ZU, Arafat SM, Irfan M, Waseem B (2019) Experimental investigation of tribo-mechanical and chemical properties of TiN PVD coating on titanium substrate for biomedical implants manufacturing. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 102(5–8):1391–1404
Fotovvati B, Namdari N, Dehghanghadikolaei A (2019) On coating techniques for surface protection: a review. J Manuf Mater Process 3(1):28
Dikusar AI, Bobanova ZI, Yushchenko SP, Yakovets IV (2005) Throwing power of a dilute sulfuric acid copper plating electrolyte during intensive electrodeposition. Russ J Electrochem 41(1):82–86
Chen TC, Tsai YL, Hsu CF, Dow WP, Hashimoto Y (2016) Effects of brighteners in a copper plating bath on throwing power and thermal reliability of plated through holes. Electrochim Acta 212:572–582
Vicenzo A, Cavallotti PL (2002) Copper electrodeposition from a pH3 sulfate electrolyte. J Appl Electrochem 32(7):743–753
Mehdi B, Badji R, Ji V, Allili B, Bradai D, Deschaux-Beaume F, Soulié F (2016) Microstructure and residual stresses in Ti-6Al-4V alloy pulsed and unpulsed TIG welds. J Mater Process Technol 231:441–448
Gil FJ, Ginebra MP, Manero JM, Planell JA (2001) Formation of α-Widmanstätten structure: effects of grain size and cooling rate on the Widmanstätten morphologies and on the mechanical properties in Ti6Al4V alloy. J Alloys Compd 329(1–2):142–152
Jia MT, Zhang DL, Gabbitas B, Liang JM, Kong C (2015) A novel Ti-6Al-4V alloy microstructure with very high strength and good ductility. Scr Mater 107:10–13
Kumar K, Masanta M, Sahoo SK (2019) Microstructure evolution and metallurgical characteristic of bead-on-plate TIG welding of Ti-6Al-4V alloy. J Mater Process Technol 265:34–43
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher’s note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Appendix
Appendix
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Chatterjee, S., Sahoo, S.K., Swain, B. et al. Quality characterization of dissimilar laser welded joints of Ti6Al4V with AISI 304 by using copper deposition technique. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 106, 4577–4591 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-020-04935-5
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-020-04935-5