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4D printing: a critical review of current developments, and future prospects

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Abstract

Due to the strong demand for low-cost and highly efficient products, various approaches are currently being explored and applied so as to contribute to the development and optimization of 4D printing technology. Significant progress is being made in this area of advanced manufacturing, and this comparative study helps to understand the latest developments in materials, additive techniques, and future prospects for this technology. It should, however, be noted that a large amount of progress still remains to be made. While some of the research has focused on the performance of the materials, the rest has focused on the development of new methods and techniques in additive manufacturing. This review critically evaluates the current 4D printing technologies, including the development and optimization of printing methods as well as to the printed objects. Previous developments in this area and contributions to the modern trend in manufacturing technology are briefly summarized. The review is divided into three sections. Firstly, the existing printing methods along with the frequently used printing materials as well as the processing parameters, and the factors which influence the quality and mechanical performances of the printed objects are discussed. Secondly, the optimization techniques, such as topology, shape, structure, and mechanical property, are described. Thirdly, the latest development and applications of additive manufacturing are depicted, and suggestions concerning the scope of future research are put forward.

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Abbreviations

3D:

Three dimensional

3DP:

3D printing

4DP:

4D printing

ABS:

Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene

AM:

Additive manufacturing

CFRTC:

Continuous fiber-reinforced thermoplastic composites

CLIP:

Continuous liquid interface production

DE:

Dielectric elastomer

DED:

Directed energy deposition

DLF:

Directed light fabrication

DMD:

Direct metal deposition

EAP:

Electroactive polymer

FDM:

Fused deposition modeling

LBMD:

Laser-based metal deposition

LCE:

Liquid crystal elastomer

LENS:

Laser engineering net shaping

LFF:

Laser freeform fabrication

LOM:

Laminated object manufacturing

PCL:

Polycaprolactone

PLA:

Polylactic acid

PVA:

Polyvinyl alcohol

PEEK:

Polyether ether ketone

SCE:

Shape change effect

SLA:

Stereolithography

SLM:

Selective laser melting

SLS:

Selective laser sintering

SMA:

Shape-memory alloy

SME:

Shape-memory effect

SMMs:

Shape-memory materials

SMP:

Shape-memory polymer

SMPC:

Shape-memory polymer composite

UV:

Ultraviolet

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  1. Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan

    Md. Hazrat Ali, Anuar Abilgaziyev & Desmond Adair

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  1. Md. Hazrat Ali
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Ali, M.H., Abilgaziyev, A. & Adair, D. 4D printing: a critical review of current developments, and future prospects. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 105, 701–717 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-019-04258-0

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