Abstract
This paper aims at investigating the effects of variable traverse speeds on machining-induced damage of fibre-reinforced composites, using the abrasive water jet (AWJ) drilling. Three different types of epoxy-based composites laminates fabricated by vacuum bagging technique containing unidirectional (UD) flax, hybrid carbon-flax and carbon fibre-reinforced composite were used. The drilling parameters used were traverse speeds of 20, 40, 60 and 80 mm/min, constant water jet pressure of 300 MPa and a hole diameter of 10 mm. The results obtained depict that the traverse speed had a significant effect with respect to both surface roughness and delamination drilling-induced damage responses. Evidently, an increase in water jet traverse speed caused an increase in both damage responses of the three samples. Significantly, the CFRP composite sample recorded the lowest surface roughness damage response, followed by C-FFRP, while FFRP exhibited the highest. However, samples of FFRP and hybrid C-FFRP recorded lowest and highest delamination damage responses, respectively. The discrepancy in both damage responses, as further validated with micrographs of colour video microscopy (CVM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray micro-computed tomography (X-ray μCT), is attributed to the different mechanical properties of the reinforced fibres, fibre orientation/ply stacking and hybridisation of the samples.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
References
Dhakal HN, Zhang ZY, Guthrie R, Bennett N (2013) Development of flax/carbon fibre hybrid composites for enhanced properties. J Carbo Polym 96:1–8
Dhakal HN, Zhang ZY, Richardson MOW (2007) Effect of water absorption on the mechanical properties of hemp fibre reinforced unsaturated polyester composites. Compos Sci Technol 67:1674–1683
Shyha I, Soo SL, Aspinwall D, Bradley S (2010) Effect of laminate configuration and feed rate on cutting performance when drilling holes in carbon fibre reinforced plastic composites. J Mater Process Technol 210:1023–1034
Irina MMW, Azmi AI, Lee CC, Mansor AF (2018) Kerf taper and delamination damage minimization of FRP hybrid composites under abrasive water-jet machining. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 94:1727–1744
Flynn J, Amiri A, Ulven C (2016) Hybridized carbon and flax fiber composites for tailored performance. Mater Des 102:21–29
Thwe MM, Liao K (2002) Effects of environmental ageing on the mechanical properties of bamboo-glass fibre reinforced polymer matrix hybrid composites. Compos Part A Appl Sci Manuf 33:43–52
KC B, Faruk O, Agnelli JAM, Leao AL, Tjong J, Sain M (2016) Sisal-glass fiber hybrid biocomposite: optimization of injection molding parameters using Taguchi method for reducing shrinkage. Compos Part A Appl Sci Manuf 83:152–159
Almansour FA, Dhakal HN, Zhang ZY (2017) Effect of water absorption on Mode I interlaminar fracture toughness of flax/basalt reinforced vinyl ester hybrid composites. Compos Struct 168:813–825
Nunna S, Chandra PR, Shrivastava S, Jalan A (2012) A review on mechanical behavior of natural fiber based hybrid composites. J Reinf Plast Compos 31:759–769
Ismail SO, Dhakal HN, Dimla E, Popov I (2017) Recent advances in twist drill design for composites machining: a critical review. Proc IMechE Part B J Eng Manuf 231:2527–2542
Heidarya H, Karimib NZ, Minak G (2018) Investigation on delamination and flexural properties in drilling of carbon nanotube/polymer composites. Compos Struct 201:112–120
Liu DF, Tang YJ, Cong WL (2012) A review of mechanical drilling for composite laminates. Compos Struct 94:1265–1279
Hocheng H, Tsao CC (2003) Comprehensive analysis of delamination in drilling of composite materials with various drill bits. J Mater Process Technol 140:335–339
Unde PD, Gayakwad MD, Ghadge RS (2014) Abrasive water jet machining of composite materials – a review. Int J Innov Res Sci Eng Technol 3:6–8
Phapale K, Singh R, Patil S, Singh RKP (2016) Delamination characterization and comparative assessment of delamination control techniques in abrasive water jet drilling of CFRP. Procedia Manuf 5:521–535
Hascalik A, Çaydaş U, Gȕrȕn H (2007) Effect of traverse speed on abrasive water jet machining of Ti–6Al–4V alloy. Mater Des 28:1953–1957
Thomas DJ (2009) Characteristics of abrasive waterjet cut-edges and the affect on formability and fatigue performance of high strength steels. J Manuf Process 11:97–105
Thomas DJ (2013) Characterisation of aggregate notch cavity formation properties on abrasive waterjet cut surfaces. J Manuf Process 15:355–363
Alberdi A, Artaza T, Suárez A, Rivero A, Girot F (2016) An experimental study on abrasive water jet cutting of CFRP/Ti6Al4V stacks for drilling operations. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 86:691–704
Montesano J, Bougherara H, Fawaz Z (2017) Influence of drilling and abrasive water jet induced damage on the performance of carbon fabric/epoxy plates with holes. Compos Struct 163:257–266
Selvam R, Karunamoorthy L, Arunkumar N (2017) Investigation on performance of abrasive water jet in machining hybrid composites. Mater Manuf Process 32:700–706
Ho-Cheng H (1990) A failure analysis of water jet drilling in composite laminate. Int J Mach Tools Manuf 30:423–429
Shaikh AA, Jain PS (2012) Experimental study of various technologies for cutting polymer matrix composites. Int J Adv Eng Technol 2:81–88
Ramulu M, Arola D (1993) Water jet and abrasive water jet cutting of unidirectional granite/epoxy composite. Compos 24:299–308
Kalirasu S, Rajini N, Bharath Sagar N, Mahesh KD, Gomalthi SA (2015) Studies of abrasive water jet machining (AWJM) parameters on banana/polyester composites using robust design concept. Appl Mech Mater 787:573–577
Ramesha N, Akhtar S, Room GT, Akhtar S (2016) Abrasive water jet machining and mechanical behavior of banyan tree saw dust powder loaded polypropylene green composites. Polym Compos 37:1754–1764
Jani SP, Kumar AS, Khan MA, Kumar MU (2016) Machinability of hybrid natural fiber composite with and without filler as reinforcement. Mater Manuf Process 31:1393–1399
Patel JK, Shaikh AA (2014) An experimental investigation of AWJ parameters on banana fiber reinforced composite. Int J Eng Res Technol 3:608–613
Ismail SO, Dhakal HN, Popov I, Beaugrand J (2016) Comprehensive study on machinability of sustainable and conventional fibre reinforced polymer composites. Eng Sci Technol Int J 19:2043–2052
Ismail SO, Dhakal HN, Dimla E, Beaugrand J, Popov I (2016) Effects of drilling parameters and aspect ratios on delamination and surface roughness of lignocellulosic HFRP composite laminates. J Appl Polym Sci 13:1–8
Alberdi A, Suárez A, Artaza T, Escobar-Palafox GA, Ridgway K (2013) Composite cutting with abrasive water jet. Procedia Eng 63:421–429
Dhanawade A, Kumar S (2017) Experimental study of delamination and kerf geometry of carbon epoxy composite machined by abrasive water jet. J Compos Mater 0:1–18
Fowler G, Shipway PH, Pashby IR (2005) Abrasive water jet controlled depth milling of Ti6Al4V alloy – an investigation of the role of jet–workpiece traverse speed and abrasive grit size on the characteristics of the milled material. J Mater Process Technol 161:407–414
Ojmertz KMC (1993) Abrasive water jet milling: an experimental investigation. In: Hashish M (ed) Proceedings of the 7th American Water Jet Conf., water jet tech. Assoc. St. Louis, Seattle, Washington, pp 777–791
Hejjaji A, Zitoune R, Crouzeix L, Le Roux S, Collombet F (2017) Surface and machining induced damage characterization of abrasive water jet milled carbon/epoxy composite specimens and their impact on tensile behavior. Wear 376-377:1356–1364
Chen FL, Wang J, Lemma E, Siores E (2003) Striation formation mechanisms on the jet cutting surface. J Mater Process Technol 141:213–218
Hascalik A, Caydas U, Gurun H (2007) Effect of traverse speed on abrasive waterjet machining of Ti-6Al-4V alloy. Mater Des 28:1953–1957
Seo YW, Ramulu M, Kim D (2003) Macinability of titanium alloy (Ti-6Al-4V) by abrasive waterjet. Proc Inst Mech Eng Part B J Eng Manuf 217:1709–1721
McGill DJ, Mackay IR (2006) The effect of ambient temperature on capillary vascular malformations. Brit J Dermatol 154:896–903
Oho E, Watanabe M (2001) Natural color scanning electron microscopy based on the frequency characteristics of the human visual system. Scanning 23:24–31
Crocker JC, Grier DG (1996) Methods of digital video microscopy for colloidal studies. J Coll Interf Sci 179:298–310
Hajj NE, Dheilly RM, Goullieux A, Aboura Z, Benzeggagh ML, Quéneudec M (2012) Innovant agromaterials formulated with flax shaves and proteinic binder: process and characterization. Compos Part B Eng 43:381–390
Acknowledgements
The assistance of the following colleagues is greatly and sincerely appreciated: Mr. Joseph Dunlop and Mrs. Elaine Dyer, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Mr. Colin Lupton, School of Engineering, University of Portsmouth, UK.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Electronic supplementary material
ESM 1
(DOCX 50 kb)
Rights and permissions
Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.
About this article
Cite this article
Dhakal, H.N., Ismail, S.O., Ojo, S.O. et al. Abrasive water jet drilling of advanced sustainable bio-fibre-reinforced polymer/hybrid composites: a comprehensive analysis of machining-induced damage responses. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 99, 2833–2847 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-018-2670-x
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-018-2670-x