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Prevention and rehabilitation of paediatric anterior cruciate ligament injuries

  • Knee
  • Published:
Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy Aims and scope

Abstract

Purpose

To review the current knowledge on anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury prevention and ACL rehabilitation in individuals who have not yet reached musculoskeletal maturity.

Methods

This is a narrative review based on a targeted and systematic literature search for paediatric ACL injury risk factors, injury prevention and rehabilitation.

Results

The search strategies resulted in 119 hits on risk factor studies, 57 hits on prevention and 37 hits on rehabilitation. Modifiable risk factors for ACL injury are largely unknown in the paediatric population. ACL injury prevention using neuromuscular training is highly successful in the adolescent population, and existing injury prevention programmes are cost-effective. The efficacy of ACL injury prevention programmes in children is, however, investigated to a markedly lesser degree. Paediatric ACL injury rehabilitation is poorly described, although supervised active rehabilitation progressed through phases with functional milestones is generally encouraged.

Conclusion

Although limited, current evidence supports implementation of injury prevention programmes in female football players from the age of 12. Supervised active rehabilitation where progression is guided by functional milestones is also advocated. Future identification of modifiable risk factors is needed to design prevention programmes for younger children. There is a need for international multicentre studies on treatment algorithms and rehabilitation to increase knowledge on the short- and long-term outcomes following existing algorithms.

Study design

Narrative review, level III.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, PB 4014 Ullevål Stadion, 0806, Oslo, Norway

    Håvard Moksnes

  2. Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian Research Center for Active Rehabilitation (NAR), Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway

    Hege Grindem

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  1. Håvard Moksnes
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Correspondence to Håvard Moksnes.

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Moksnes, H., Grindem, H. Prevention and rehabilitation of paediatric anterior cruciate ligament injuries. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 24, 730–736 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00167-015-3856-5

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