Abstract
Purpose
A common peroneal nerve (CPN) palsy has been reported to complicate knee dislocations in 5–40 % of patients. Patients who suffer from a persistent foot drop have significantly worse functional outcomes. Reports on prognostic factors for nerve recovery or treatment-specific functional outcomes remain sparse in the literature.
Methods
Two independent reviewers completed a search of Medline, Embase, PubMed and the Cochrane Library from 1946 to present. Motor strength was determined using the Medical Research Council (MRC) grading system or an equivalent description. A functional recovery was defined as an MRC ≥3/5.
Results
The combined search of Medline, Embase, PubMed and the Cochrane Library identified 1528 abstracts. Thirteen articles met our inclusion/exclusion criteria. This included 214 CPN palsies. Functional recovery (MRC ≥3/5) following complete CPN palsy was 38.4 %. Full recovery (MRC = 5/5) following partial CPN palsy was 87.3 %. Younger age was predictive of neurologic recovery. Recovery following isolated neurologic interventions ranged from 0 to 30 %.
Conclusions
A vastly different prognosis can be expected for patients who suffer an incomplete versus a complete CPN palsy. The majority of patients with an incomplete palsy will achieve a full motor recovery while <40 % of patients with a complete motor palsy will regain the ability to dorsiflex at the ankle. While neurologic interventions show promise for the future, the outcomes in knee dislocation patients remain poor. The most predictable means of reestablishing antigravity dorsiflexion in a persistent CPN palsy is a posterior tibial tendon transfer.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Bonnevialle P, Chaufour X, Loustau O, Mansat P, Pidhorz L, Mansat M (2006) Traumatic knee dislocation with popliteal vascular disruption: retrospective study of 14 cases. Rev Chir Orthop Reparatrice Appar Mot 92:768–777
Bonnevialle P, Dubrana F, Galau B, Lustig S, Barbier O, Neyret P, Rosset P, Saragaglia D (2010) Common peroneal nerve palsy complicating knee dislocation and bicruciate ligaments tears. Orthop Traumatol Surg Res 96:64–69
Cho D, Saetia K, Lee S, Kline DG, Kim DH (2011) Peroneal nerve injury associated with sports-related knee injury. Neurosurg Focus 31:E11
DerSimonian R, Laird N (1986) Meta-analysis in clinical trials. Control Clin Trials 7:177–188
Downs SH, Black N (1998) The feasibility of creating a checklist for the assessment of the methodological quality both of randomised and non-randomised studies of health care interventions. J Epidemiol Community Health 52:377–384
Ferraresi S, Garozzo D, Buffatti P (2003) Common peroneal nerve injuries: results with one-stage nerve repair and tendon transfer. Neurosurg Rev 26:175–179
Garozzo D, Ferraresi S, Buffatti P (2004) Surgical treatment of common peroneal nerve injuries: indications and results. A series of 62 cases. J Neurosurg Sci 48:105–112
Giuffre JL, Bishop AT, Spinner RJ, Levy BA, Shin AY (2011) Partial tibial nerve transfer to the tibialis anterior motor branch to treat peroneal nerve injury after knee trauma. Clin Orthop Relat Res 470:779–790
Higgins JPT, Thompson SG (2002) Quantifying heterogeneity in a meta-analysis. Stat Med 21:1539–1558
Kim DH, Kline DG (1996) Management and results of peroneal nerve lesions. Neurosurgery 39:312–319
Kim DH, Murovic JA, Tiel RL, Kline DG (2004) Management and outcomes in 318 operative common peroneal nerve lesions at the Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center. Neurosurgery 54:1421–1429
Krych AJ, Giuseffi SA, Kuzma SA, Stuart MJ, Levy BA (2014) Is peroneal nerve injury associated with worse function after knee dislocation? Clin Orthop Relat Res 472:2630–2636
Lustig S, Leray E, Boisrenoult P, Trojani C, Laffargue P, Saragaglia D, Rosset P, Neyret P (2009) Dislocation and bicruciate lesions of the knee: epidemiology and acute stage assessment in a prospective series. Orthop Traumatol Surg Res 95(8):614–620
Medical Research Council of the United Kingdom (1978) Aids to examination of the penphera1 nervous system: Memorandum No 45. Palo Alto, California
Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG, PRISMA Group (2010) Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. Int J Surg 8(5):336–341
Molund M, Engebretsen L, Hvaal K, Hellesnes J, Ellingsen Husebye E (2014) Posterior tibial tendon transfer improves function for foot drop after knee dislocation. Clin Orthop Relat Res 472:2637–2643
Montgomery TJ, Savoie FH, White JL, Roberts TS, Hughes JL (1995) Orthopedic management of knee dislocations. Comparison of surgical reconstruction and immobilization. Am J Knee Surg 8:97–103
Niall DM, Nutton RW, Keating JF (2005) Palsy of the common peroneal nerve after traumatic dislocation of the knee. J Bone Joint Surg Br 87:664–667
Omid R, Thordarson DB, Charlton TP (2008) Adult-acquired flatfoot deformity following posterior tibialis to dorsum transfer: a case report. Foot Ankle Int 29:351–353
Owens BD, Neault M, Benson E, Busconi BD, Owens BD, Neault M, Benson E, Busconi BD (2007) Primary repair of knee dislocations: results in 25 patients (28 knees) at a mean follow-up of four years. J Orthop Trauma 21:92–96
Peltola EK, Lindahl J, Hietaranta H, Koskinen SK, Peltola EK, Lindahl J, Hietaranta H, Koskinen SK (2009) Knee dislocation in overweight patients. AJR Am J Roentgenol 192:101–106
Peskun CJ, Chahal J, Steinfeld ZY, Whelan DB (2012) Risk factors for peroneal nerve injury and recovery in knee dislocation. Clin Orthop Relat Res 470:774–778
Plancher KD, Siliski J, Plancher KD, Siliski J (2008) Long-term functional results and complications in patients with knee dislocations. J Knee Surg 21:261–268
Rios A, Villa A, Fahandezh H, de Jose C, Vaquero J (2003) Results after treatment of traumatic knee dislocations: a report of 26 cases. J Trauma 55:489–494
Robertson A, Nutton RW, Keating JF (2006) Dislocation of the knee. J Bone Joint Surg Br 88:706–711
Sisto DJ, Warren RF (1985) Complete knee dislocation. A follow-up study of operative treatment. Clin Orthop Relat Res 198:94–101
Tomaino M, Day C, Papageorgiou C, Harner C, Fu FH (2000) Peroneal nerve palsy following knee dislocation: pathoanatomy and implications for treatment. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 8:163–165
Yeap JS, Birch R, Singh D (2001) Long-term results of tibialis posterior tendon transfer for drop-foot. Int Orthop 25:114–118
Conflict of interest
None.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Woodmass, J.M., Romatowski, N.P.J., Esposito, J.G. et al. A systematic review of peroneal nerve palsy and recovery following traumatic knee dislocation. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 23, 2992–3002 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00167-015-3676-7
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00167-015-3676-7