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From Cryptomania to Obfustopia Through Secret-Key Functional Encryption

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Abstract

Functional encryption lies at the frontiers of the current research in cryptography; some variants have been shown sufficiently powerful to yield indistinguishability obfuscation (IO), while other variants have been constructed from standard assumptions such as LWE. Indeed, most variants have been classified as belonging to either the former or the latter category. However, one mystery that has remained is the case of secret-key functional encryption with an unbounded number of keys and ciphertexts. On the one hand, this primitive is not known to imply anything outside of minicrypt, the land of secret-key cryptography, but, on the other hand, we do no know how to construct it without the heavy hammers in obfustopia. In this work, we show that (subexponentially secure) secret-key functional encryption is powerful enough to construct indistinguishability obfuscation if we additionally assume the existence of (subexponentially secure) plain public-key encryption. In other words, secret-key functional encryption provides a bridge from cryptomania to obfustopia. On the technical side, our result relies on two main components. As our first contribution, we show how to use secret-key functional encryption to get “exponentially efficient indistinguishability obfuscation” (XIO), a notion recently introduced by Lin et al. (PKC’16) as a relaxation of IO. Lin et al. show how to use XIO and the LWE assumption to build IO. As our second contribution, we improve on this result by replacing its reliance on the LWE assumption with any plain public-key encryption scheme. Lastly, we ask whether secret-key functional encryption can be used to construct public-key encryption itself and therefore take us all the way from minicrypt to obfustopia. A result of Asharov and Segev (FOCS’15) shows that this is not the case under black-box constructions, even for exponentially secure functional encryption. We show, through a non-black-box construction, that subexponentially secure-key functional encryption indeed leads to public-key encryption. The resulting public-key encryption scheme, however, is at most quasi-polynomially secure, which is insufficient to take us to obfustopia.

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Notes

  1. The above is a slightly oversimplified account of [51]. They also rely on LWE to deduce the existence of puncturable PRFs in \(\text {NC}^1\) and show their transformation starting from weakly succinct PKFE for functions in \(\text {NC}^1\). We avoid the reliance on puncturable PRFs in \(\text {NC}^1\) by constructing weakly succinct PKFE for functions with no depth restriction, at the expense of allowing the complexity of encryption to scale polynomially in the depth. This is still sufficient for [22, Section 3.2].

  2. Extending this to functions with multi-bit output is then done, based on SXIO, using a transformation of [51]. Concretely, given an m-bit output function f(x) we consider a new single bit function \(g_f(x,i)\) that returns the ith bit of f(x). The function key is then derived for the boolean function \(g_f\). The new encryption algorithm, for message x, produces an \(\text {SXIO}\) obfuscation of a circuit that given \(i\in [m]\) uses the old encryption scheme to encrypt (m, i), deriving randomness using a puncturable PRF. The security of the construction is proven as in [51] based on a probabilistic IO argument [25]. (Mild) efficiency of the encryption then follows from the mild efficiency of the \(\text {SXIO}\) and \(\text {PKFE}\) with related (constant) compression factors.

  3. Their aim was proving adaptive security, which is completely orthogonal to our aim. However, for entirely different reasons, the above goal is useful in both their work and ours.

  4. Indeed, if the gates \(1,\ldots ,L\) are topologically sorted so that L is the output gate, then the pebbling can be made to place gray pebbles in according to this ordering, meaning that the first gray pebble is placed on gate \(L-1\) and then \(L-2\) and finally continuing down to 1. One minor difference between our version and the one in [39] is that the latter allows replacing a black pebble with a gray pebble at the output gate, whereas our does not. This only requires us to slightly modify the pebbling strategy to keep the pebble at the output gate black.

  5. The restriction regarding fan-out is not stated explicitly in [24], but can always be achieved by blowing up the size and depth by a factor of at most O(1).

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Acknowledgements

We thank Vinod Vaikuntanathan and Hoeteck Wee for valuable discussions.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel

    Nir Bitansky

  2. NTT Secure Platform Laboratories, Tokyo, Japan

    Ryo Nishimaki

  3. ENS de Lyon, Lyon, France

    Alain Passelègue

  4. Northeastern University, Boston, USA

    Daniel Wichs

  5. NTT Research, Palo Alto, USA

    Daniel Wichs

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Nir Bitansky: Member of the Check Point Institute of Information Security. Supported by the Alon Young Faculty Fellowship, by Len Blavatnik and the Blavatnik Family foundation, and an ISF Grant 18/484. This work was done in part while the author was at MIT and was supported by the DARPA and ARO under Contract No. W911NF-15-C-0236. Any opinions, findings and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the DARPA and ARO.

Ryo Nishimaki: This work was done in part while the author was visiting Northeastern University.

Alain Passelègue: This work was done in part while the author was visiting Northeastern University. Research supported in part from a DARPA/ARL SAFEWARE award, NSF Frontier Award 1413955, NSF Grants 1619348, 1228984, 1136174, and 1065276, BSF Grant 2012378, a Xerox Faculty Research Award, a Google Faculty Research Award, an equipment grant from Intel, and an Okawa Foundation Research Grant. This material is based upon work supported by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency through the ARL under Contract W911NF-15-C-0205. The views expressed are those of the authors and do not reflect the official policy or position of the Department of Defense, the National Science Foundation, or the U.S. Government.

Daniel Wichs: Supported in part by NSF Grants CNS-1347350, CNS-1314722, CNS-1413964.

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Bitansky, N., Nishimaki, R., Passelègue, A. et al. From Cryptomania to Obfustopia Through Secret-Key Functional Encryption. J Cryptol 33, 357–405 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00145-019-09337-9

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