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Background subtraction by combining Temporal and Spatio-Temporal histograms in the presence of camera movement

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Abstract

Background subtraction is the classical approach to differentiate moving objects in a scene from the static background when the camera is fixed. If the fixed camera assumption does not hold, a frame registration step is followed by the background subtraction. However, this registration step cannot perfectly compensate camera motion, thus errors like translations of pixels from their true registered position occur. In this paper, we overcome these errors with a simple, but effective background subtraction algorithm that combines Temporal and Spatio-Temporal approaches. The former models the temporal intensity distribution of each individual pixel. The latter classifies foreground and background pixels, taking into account the intensity distribution of each pixels’ neighborhood. The experimental results show that our algorithm outperforms the state-of-the-art systems in the presence of jitter, in spite of its simplicity.

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Notes

  1. If TP are true positives, FP are false positives, FN are false negatives and TN are true negatives, then: \(\hbox {recall }= \frac{TP}{TP + FN};\hbox {specificity} = \frac{TN}{TN + FP};\hbox { FPR}= \frac{FP}{FP + TN};\hbox { FNR}= \frac{FN}{TP + FN};\hbox { PWC} = 100 * \frac{(FN + FP)}{TP + FN + FP + TN};\hbox { F-Measure} = \frac{2 * \text {precision}* \text {recall}}{\text {precision} + \text {recall}};\hbox { precision} = \frac{TP}{TP + FP}\).

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Acknowledgments

This work has been supported by SMELLER (Sistema di monitoraggio delle emissioni di singoli veicoli in tempo reale, Real Time Monitoring System of the Exhaust Emission of Individual Vehicles), a project funded by Regione Lombardia, Italy.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Politecnico di Milano, DEIB, Via Ponzio 34/5, 20133 , Milan, Italy

    Andrea Romanoni & Matteo Matteucci

  2. Universitá degli Studi Milano-Bicocca, DISCo, Build U14, Viale Sarca, 336, 20126 , Milan, Italy

    Domenico G. Sorrenti

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  1. Andrea Romanoni
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  2. Matteo Matteucci
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  3. Domenico G. Sorrenti
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Correspondence to Andrea Romanoni.

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Romanoni, A., Matteucci, M. & Sorrenti, D.G. Background subtraction by combining Temporal and Spatio-Temporal histograms in the presence of camera movement. Machine Vision and Applications 25, 1573–1584 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00138-013-0587-9

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