With interest, as well as with some degree of concern, we read the article of Laserna et al. published in Intensive Care Medicine [1].
The subject outlined in this article is very important for adequate end-of-life care in the ICU and the efforts that have been made to write this review are significant. Nevertheless, we think that a methodological mistake has been made in this review and meta-analysis.
The authors include 13 original studies in their dataset; however, 2 of these studies as presented in Table 1 of their manuscript refer to congress abstracts [2, 3]. Abstracts are normally intended to report preliminary data. These abstracts were indeed only “work in progress”, submitted to be presented at the ESCIM meetings in Berlin 2011 and Lisbon 2012, respectively. The progress over time can be directly derived from the growing number of patients: 75 in the first abstract, 139 patients in the second abstract, and finally 241 patients in the publication in the Journal of Pain and Symptom Management [2,3,4]. In other words, 135 (60 + 75) patients are unfortunately duplicate, which makes the analysis potentially unreliable.
Another problem of the article is that it only focusses on pain and its treatment; however, the authors do mention in this context dosages of benzodiazepines and propofol, which are sedatives, definitely not analgesics.
The reason that the studies included do mention sedatives, is that pain is only one of the symptoms we treat as part of end-of-life care in the ICU. Fear, anxiety, distress, and dyspnea are other severe problems to deal with. Especially for these above-mentioned problems, the use of sedatives is essential; however, they should not be mistaken for or categorized with analgesics as the authors seem to do.
The effects of sedatives and analgesics are commonly confused in clinical practice. We, therefore, took the liberty of using this opportunity to present a concise overview of the main effects of some of the most commonly used drugs in these categories in Table 1. When caring for a terminally ill ICU patient, the indication for treatment must be clear; is it pain that requires address or anxiety? Or is sedation required, because pain or anxiety can no longer be effectively controlled? The intensivist should choose the medication based on this important information.
Lastly, the authors suggest that the dosages observed are "too high" in relation to those recommended in end-of-life guidelines.
However, as far as we know, the recommended doses of opioids and sedatives in end-of-life situations in the ICU are not based on clinical studies.
The only studies that provide evidence regarding the doses used for comfort care in the ICU are specifically the studies described in this article.
We, therefore, suggest that the article by Laserna et al. be seen as a first, and welcome, step in the development of an evidence-based guideline for treatment of pain and discomfort relief in end-of-life situations in the ICU and ideally, an additional study should be conducted, focusing on the use of sedatives and anxiolytics in this same context.
References
Laserna A, Duran-Crane A, Lopez-Olivo MA et al (2020) Pain management during the withholding and withdrawal of life support in critically ill patients at the end-of-life: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Intensive Care Med 46(9):1671–1682
Epker JL, Bakker J, Kompanje EJO (2011) Withdrawing mechanical ventilation and vaso-active medication in Dutch non-academic ICU’s: a prospective study focused on sedative and opioid use, comfort of the patient, severity of illness and time till death. Intensive Care Med 37:S69. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134-011-2322-1
Epker JL, Kompanje EJO (2012) Opioids and sedatives do not seem to contribute to time till death after withdrawal of life sustaining therapy in Dutch critically ill ICU patients. Intensive Care Med 38:S242–S243. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134-012-2683-0
Epker JL, Bakker J, Lingsma HF, Kompanje EJ (2015) An observational study on a protocol for withdrawal of life-sustaining measures on two non-academic intensive care units in The Netherlands: few signs of distress, no suffering? J Pain Symptom Manage 50(5):676–684
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Epker, J.L., Valkenburg, A.J. & Kompanje, E.J.O. Double data and dubious conclusions, ‘Houston do we have a problem?’. Intensive Care Med 47, 487–488 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134-020-06315-9
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134-020-06315-9