References
Mebazaa A, Parissis J, Porcher R et al (2011) Short-term survival by treatment among patients hospitalized with acute heart failure: the global ALARM-HF registry using propensity scoring methods. Intensive Care Med 37:290–301. doi:10.1007/s00134-010-2073-4
Cecconi M, De Backer D, Antonelli M et al (2014) Consensus on circulatory shock and hemodynamic monitoring. Task force of the European Society of Intensive Care Medicine. Intensive Care Med 40:1795–1815. doi:10.1007/s00134-014-3525-z
Felker GM, Benza RL, Chandler AB et al (2003) Heart failure etiology and response to milrinone in decompensated heart failure: results from the OPTIME-CHF study. J Am Coll Cardiol 41:997–1003. doi:10.1016/S0735-1097(02)02968-6
Papp Z, Édes I, Fruhwald S et al (2012) Levosimendan: molecular mechanisms and clinical implications: consensus of experts on the mechanisms of action of levosimendan. Int J Cardiol 159:82–87. doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2011.07.022
Hasenfuss G, Teerlink JR (2011) Cardiac inotropes: current agents and future directions. Eur Heart J 32:1838–1845. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehr026
Cleland JGF, Teerlink JR, Senior R et al (2011) The effects of the cardiac myosin activator, omecamtiv mecarbil, on cardiac function in systolic heart failure: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover, dose-ranging phase 2 trial. Lancet 378:676–683. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61126-4
Mebazaa A, Nieminen MS, Filippatos GS et al (2009) Levosimendan vs. dobutamine: outcomes for acute heart failure patients on beta-blockers in SURVIVE. Eur J Heart Fail 11:304–311. doi:10.1093/eurjhf/hfn045
Mebazaa A, Pitsis AA, Rudiger A et al (2010) Clinical review: practical recommendations on the management of perioperative heart failure in cardiac surgery. Crit Care 14:201. doi:10.1186/cc8153
Koster G, Wetterslev J, Gluud C et al (2014) Effects of levosimendan for low cardiac output syndrome in critically ill patients: systematic review with meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis. Intensive Care Med. doi:10.1007/s00134-014-3604-1
Pirracchio R, Parenica J, Resche Rigon M et al (2013) The effectiveness of inodilators in reducing short term mortality among patient with severe cardiogenic shock: a propensity-based analysis. PLoS One 8:e71659. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0071659
Rudiger A, Singer M (2013) The heart in sepsis: from basic mechanisms to clinical management. Curr Vasc Pharmacol 11:187–195
Annane D, Vignon P, Renault A et al (2007) Norepinephrine plus dobutamine versus epinephrine alone for management of septic shock: a randomised trial. Lancet 370:676–684. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61344-0
Hernandez G, Bruhn A, Luengo C et al (2013) Effects of dobutamine on systemic, regional and microcirculatory perfusion parameters in septic shock: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, crossover study. Intensive Care Med 39:1435–1443. doi:10.1007/s00134-013-2982-0
Morelli A, De Castro S, Teboul J-L et al (2005) Effects of levosimendan on systemic and regional hemodynamics in septic myocardial depression. Intensive Care Med 31:638–644. doi:10.1007/s00134-005-2619-z
Mebazaa A, Nieminen MS, Packer M et al (2007) Levosimendan vs dobutamine for patients with acute decompensated heart failure: the SURVIVE randomized trial. JAMA 297:1883–1891. doi:10.1001/jama.297.17.1883
Conflicts of interest
MA has no conflict of interest to declare. AM is member of advisory boards for Bayer, Cardiorentis and The Medicines Company and received lecture fees from Alere, Edwards, Orion, Novartis, Vifor and Thermofisher.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Arrigo, M., Mebazaa, A. Understanding the differences among inotropes. Intensive Care Med 41, 912–915 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134-015-3659-7
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134-015-3659-7