References
Ashbaugh DG, Bigelow DB, Petty TL, Levine BE (1967) Acute respiratory distress in adults. Lancet 2:319–323
Kumar V, Abbas A, Fausto N, Aster J (2010) Cellular response to stress and toxic insults: adaptation, injury and, death. In: Kumar V, Abbas A, Fausto N, Aster J (eds) Robbins and Cotran Pathologic basis of disease. W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia, pp 3–42
Meduri GU, Annane D, Chrousos GP, Marik PE, Sinclair SE (2009) Activation and regulation of systemic inflammation in ARDS: rationale for prolonged glucocorticoid therapy. Chest 136:1631–1643
Friedman R, Hughes AL (2002) Molecular evolution of the NF-kappaB signaling system. Immunogenetics 53:964–974
Meduri GU, Muthiah MP, Carratu P, Eltorky M, Chrousos GP (2005) Nuclear factor-kappaB- and glucocorticoid receptor alpha-mediated mechanisms in the regulation of systemic and pulmonary inflammation during sepsis and acute respiratory distress syndrome. Evidence for inflammation-induced target tissue resistance to glucocorticoids. Neuroimmunomodulation 12:321–338
Meduri GU, Eltorky M, Winer-Muram HT (1995) The fibroproliferative phase of late adult respiratory distress syndrome. Semin Respir Infect 10:154–175
Katzenstein AL, Bloor CM, Leibow AA (1976) Diffuse alveolar damage—the role of oxygen, shock, and related factors. A review. Am J Pathol 85:209–228
Thille AW, Esteban A, Fernandez-Segoviano P, Rodriguez JM, Aramburu JA, Vargas-Errazuriz P, Martin-Pellicer A, Lorente JA, Frutos-Vivar F (2013) Chronology of histological lesions in acute respiratory distress syndrome with diffuse alveolar damage: a prospective cohort study of clinical autopsies. Lancet Respir Med 1:395–401
Ichikado K, Muranaka H, Gushima Y, Kotani T, Nader HM, Fujimoto K, Johkoh T, Iwamoto N, Kawamura K, Nagano J, Fukuda K, Hirata N, Yoshinaga T, Ichiyasu H, Tsumura S, Kohrogi H, Kawaguchi A, Yoshioka M, Sakuma T, Suga M (2012) Fibroproliferative changes on high-resolution CT in the acute respiratory distress syndrome predict mortality and ventilator dependency: a prospective observational cohort study. BMJ open 2:e000545
Meduri GU, Tolley EA, Chinn A, Stentz F, Postlethwaite A (1998) Procollagen types I and III aminoterminal propeptide levels during acute respiratory distress syndrome and in response to methylprednisolone treatment. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 158:1432–1441
Meduri GU (1996) The role of the host defence response in the progression and outcome of ARDS: pathophysiological correlations and response to glucocorticoid treatment. Eur Respir J 9:2650–2670
Cordier J-F, Peyrol S, Loire R (1994) Bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia as a model of inflammatory lung disease. In: Epler GR (ed) Diseases of the Bronchioles. Raven Press Ltd, New York, pp 313–345
Burnham EL, Janssen WJ, Riches DW, Moss M, Downey GP (2014) The fibroproliferative response in acute respiratory distress syndrome: mechanisms and clinical significance. Eur Respir J 43:276–285
Conway Morris A, Kefala K, Wilkinson TS, Dhaliwal K, Farrell L, Walsh T, Mackenzie SJ, Reid H, Davidson DJ, Haslett C, Rossi AG, Sallenave JM, Simpson AJ (2009) C5a mediates peripheral blood neutrophil dysfunction in critically ill patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 180:19–28
Meduri GU (2002) Clinical review: a paradigm shift: the bidirectional effect of inflammation on bacterial growth. Clinical implications for patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Crit Care 6:24–29
Serhan CN, Savill J (2005) Resolution of inflammation: the beginning programs the end. Nat Immunol 6:1191–1197
Ware LB, Matthay MA (2000) The acute respiratory distress syndrome. N Engl J Med 342:1334–1349
Forel JM, Guervilly C, Hraiech S, Voillet F, Thomas G, Somma C, Secq V, Farnarier C, Payan MJ, Donati SY, Perrin G, Trousse D, Dizier S, Chiche L, Baumstarck K, Roch A, Papazian L, (2015) Type III procollagen is a reliable marker of ARDS-associated lung fibroproliferation. Intensive Care Med 41:1–11
Meduri GU, Kohler G, Headley S, Tolley E, Stentz F, Postlethwaite A (1995) Inflammatory cytokines in the BAL of patients with ARDS. Persistent elevation over time predicts poor outcome. Chest 108:1303–1314
Sinclair SE, Bijoy J, Golden E, Carratu P, Umberger R, Meduri GU (2006) Interleukin-8 and soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 during acute respiratory distress syndrome and in response to prolonged methylprednisolone treatment. Minerva Pneumologica 45:93–104
Acknowledgments
This material is the result of work supported with the resources and use of facilities at the Memphis VA Medical Center. The contents of this commentary do not represent the views of the US Department of Veterans Affairs or the United States Government.
Conflicts of interest
Both authors declare no conflicts of interest.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Meduri, G.U., Eltorky, M.A. Understanding ARDS-associated fibroproliferation. Intensive Care Med 41, 517–520 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134-014-3613-0
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134-014-3613-0