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Current recommendations for treatment of severe toxic alcohol poisonings

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Abstract

Background

Ethylene glycol (EG) and methanol are responsible for accidental, suicidal, and epidemic poisonings, resulting in death or permanent sequelae. Toxicity is due to the metabolic products of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and aldehyde dehydrogenase. Conventional management of these intoxications consists of ethanol and hemodialysis. Fomepizole, a potent ADH inhibitor, has largely replaced antidotal ethanol use in France and two recent prospective U.S. trials definitively established its efficacy. Fomepizole appears safer than ethanol and while no comparative study of efficacy exists, fomepizole is recommended as the first-line antidote.

Focus

Fomepizole, administered early in EG intoxication, prevents renal injury. In the absence of renal failure, EG clearance is rapid, avoiding the need for prolonged fomepizole administration. The long elimination half-life of methanol poisonings, with absent hemodialysis, necessitates prolonged administration of fomepizole. In the U.S. trials, patients were dialyzed when plasma EG or methanol concentrations were ≥0.5 g/l. However, EG-poisoned patients treated with fomepizole prior to the onset of significant acidosis may not require hemodialysis. Indeed, fomepizole may also obviate the need for hemodialysis in selected methanol-poisoned patients, in the absence of neurological and ocular impairment or severe acidosis. When dialysis is indicated, 1 mg·kg·h continuous infusion of fomepizole should be provided to compensate for its elimination.

Conclusions

Fomepizole is an effective and safe first-line recommended antidote for EG and methanol intoxication. In selected patients, fomepizole may obviate the need for hemodialysis.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Réanimation Médicale et Toxicologique, Hôpital Lariboisière, 2 rue Ambroise Paré, 5010, Paris, France

    Bruno Mégarbane & Frédéric J. Baud

  2. Department of Emergency Medicine, George Washington University School of Medicine and International Toxicology Consultants, LLC, Washington, D.C., USA

    Stephen W. Borron

Authors
  1. Bruno Mégarbane
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  2. Stephen W. Borron
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  3. Frédéric J. Baud
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Correspondence to Bruno Mégarbane.

Additional information

International congress presentation: presented in part at the 23rd Congress of The European Association of Poisons Centers and Clinical Toxicologists, Rome, Italy, June 2003

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Mégarbane, B., Borron, S.W. & Baud, F.J. Current recommendations for treatment of severe toxic alcohol poisonings. Intensive Care Med 31, 189–195 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134-004-2521-0

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