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Korrekturosteotomien am distalen Unterschenkel und Rückfuß

Osteotomies of the distal tibia and hindfoot for ankle realignment

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Zusammenfassung

Aus der asymmetrischen Belastung des tibiotalaren Gelenks resultieren häufig Knorpelschäden, auf deren Boden sich eine progressive Arthrose entwickeln kann. Zwar sind rekonstruktive Operationsverfahren mit Korrekturosteotomien supra- und inframalleolär möglich; im Gegensatz zu anderen Gelenken liegen jedoch bislang nur rudimentäre Daten hinsichtlich Evidenz solcher Osteotomien vor. Das Ziel des vorliegenden Artikels ist es, allgemeine Überlegungen zu Korrekturosteotomien am distalen Unterschenkel und Rückfuß für die Behandlung von Knorpelschäden des Sprunggelenks darzustellen und einen Algorhithmus für das technische Vorgehen zu erarbeiten. Schließlich sollen zusätzliche Maßnahmen zur Rekonstruktion des deformierten und unphysiologisch belasteten Rückfußes kritisch diskutiert werden.

Prinzipiell sind aufklappende und zuklappende supramalleoläre Korrekturosteotomien in einer oder mehreren Ebenen (sagittal, frontal oder transversal) möglich. Häufig ist allerdings zusätzlich eine inframalleoläre Korrekturosteotomie, in der Regel eine Kalkaneusosteotomie, notwendig, um eine regelrechte Fußstellung zu erlangen. Liegt zusätzlich eine Dysbalance der Weichteile mit insuffizienten Bändern und Sehnen oder auch Kontrakturen, namentlich auf der medialen Seite bei der Varusfehlstellung vor, müssen diese Probleme auch adressiert werden.

Anhand eigener Daten konnten wir aufzeigen, dass Osteotomien um das Sprunggelenk die Stellung und Belastung des tibiotalaren Gelenks nachhaltig verbessern und einen weiteren Verschleiß des Knorpels hinauszögern können. In vielen Fällen konnte aufgrund einer Verbreiterung des Gelenkspalts gar eine Regeneration des Knorpels vermutet werden. Damit konnte eine verfrühte Definitivbehandlung mittels Arthrodese oder Endoprothese erfolgreich hinausgeschoben werden. Die besondere Bedeutung dieser Therapieoption liegt darin, dass sehr viele Patienten mit Beschwerden am Rückfuß eine idiopatische oder posttraumatische Achsenfehlstellung aufweisen. Zudem sind, insbesondere bei jüngeren oder aktiven Patienten, die Langzeitergebnisse der Arthrodese und der Endoprothese kritisch zu beurteilen. Demzufolge ist heute unsere Behandlungsstrategie, zunächst eine umfassende Korrektur der Fehlstellung durchzuführen, mit dem Ziel, ein regelrecht ausgerichtetes und stabiles Sprunggelenk zu erhalten. Dies erlaubt, falls erforderlich in einem späteren Schritt, eine Endoprothese zu implantieren.

Abstract

Asymmetric load of the ankle joint often results in degenerative disease. Although reconstructive surgery, including osteotomies above and beneath the tibiotalar joint, is possible, there are little data with respect to its evidence. This article presents general considerations for osteotomies around the osteoarthritic ankle and elaborates a rationale for the technical procedure. Additional measures for correcting the deformed and malaligned hindfoot are also elucidated.

As a principle, opening-wedge and closing-wedge osteotomies are possible in one or more planes. In some instances, inframalleolar osteotomies are also necessary to achieve proper alignment of the foot. If present, imbalance of soft tissues, such as incompetence of ligaments and insufficiency of tendons, must also be addressed.

Our results have shown that osteotomies above and beneath the ankle joint are able to correct deformities and incongruencies at the tibiotalar joint over the years, thus avoiding further cartilage wear. In some patients, the tibiotalar joint regained a regular joint space that can be attributed to potential regeneration of cartilage. In all but a few cases (<5%), arthrodesis or total ankle replacement has been successfully avoided. This benefit is even more important because mostly younger, active patients are involved, and long-term results after arthrodesis and total ankle replacement are critical. Therefore, our treatment strategy is to correct the deformity first to achieve a well-aligned and balanced tibiotalar joint. If necessary, total ankle replacement is considered in a second stage.

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Hintermann, B., Knupp, M. & Barg, A. Korrekturosteotomien am distalen Unterschenkel und Rückfuß. Orthopäde 37, 212–223 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00132-008-1214-8

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