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Der Oberflächenersatz am Hüftgelenk

Resurfacing arthroplasty of the hip

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Zusammenfassung

Der moderne Oberflächenersatz gilt als attraktives Verfahren, um gerade beim jungen Patienten ein degenerativ verändertes Hüftgelenk zu ersetzten. Die hohen Erwartungen, die in diese Form des Gelenkersatzes gesetzt werden, müssen allerdings erst noch erfüllt werden. Frühere Implantate mit ähnlichen Formen des Oberflächenersatzes haben zu hohen Revisionsraten durch vorzeitige aseptische Lockerungen in Verbindung mit hohem Materialverschleiß und zu Schenkelhalsfrakturen geführt. Heute ermöglichen neue Fertigungstechniken der Metall-Metall-Gleitpaarung die Verwendung eines Oberflächenersatzes mit minimiertem Abrieb, was ein langfristiges Überleben der Prothese theoretisch möglich macht. Nach wie vor stehen Langzeitergebnisse der neuen Generation des Oberflächenersatzes aus. Schenkelhalsfrakturen und ein femoroazetabuläres Impingement erweisen sich als mögliche Frühkomplikationen. Die Implantation dieser Systeme ist technisch anspruchsvoll und erfordert ein hohes Maß an Erfahrung vom Operateur. Eine zugangsbedingte Traumatisierung der Muskulatur und Gefährdung der Blutgefäßversorgung des Femurkopfs steht dem positiven Effekt der Erhaltung von Knochensubstanz am Oberschenkel und einer verbesserten Revisionsmöglichkeit im Versagensfall gegenüber. Wir werden erst in der Zukunft sehen, ob gerade der junge Patient mit seiner höheren Aktivität von einem Oberflächenersatz tatsächlich profitiert.

Abstract

Resurfacing arthroplasty is regarded as an attractive method, especially for the young patient who needs a hip replacement. However, the high expectations regarding this new technique in THR must first be met. Earlier experiences with similar forms of surface replacement have led to high revision rates with early aseptic wear induced component loosening and neck fractures. Technical progresses in production techniques for metal-on-metal articulations with minimized wear have enabled the introduction of new surface replacements for the hip joint. Long-term results of these resurfacing arthroplasties are still due. Femoral neck fractures and femoroacetabular impingement are possible early complications which require revision. The implantation of these systems requires a high degree of operative skill and experience on the part of the surgeon. Approach dependent trauma to the musculature and endangering of the blood supply to the femoral head is balanced with the positive effect of the preservation of femoral bone stock and better options in case of revision. Whether the younger patient with a higher activity profile and an increased chance of implant loosening actually profits from the resurfacing arthroplasty will be determined in the future.

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Rudert, M., Gerdesmeyer, L., Rechl, H. et al. Der Oberflächenersatz am Hüftgelenk. Orthopäde 36, 304–310 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00132-007-1076-5

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