Zusammenfassung
Die postoperative Osteomyelitis, d. h. die Infektion nach chirurgisch versorgten Eingriffen am Knochen kann früh postoperativ—bis 4 Wochen nach Op.— oder spät—auch Jahre nach Op.—auftreten. Die höchste Infektionsgefahr besteht bei offenen Frakturen Grad III, die niedrigste bei osteosynthetisch versorgten geschlossenen Frakturen. Die frühe Form geht oft zu Beginn mit eitriger Sekretion einher. Die chronische Osteomyelitis weist eine Fistel auf, die sich intermittierend öffnen oder verschließen kann. Für die Diagnose sind Klinik, mikrobiologischer Erregernachweis aus mehreren Biopsien (Knochen und Gewebe) und Histologie entscheidend. Da die antibiotische Therapie mehrere Wochen dauert, sollte versucht werden, den Erreger zu kultivieren. Nur bei kulturellem Wachstum ist eine Resistenzprüfung gegenüber Antibiotika möglich, nicht aber bei der Polymerasekettenreaktion (PCR). Die Magnetresonanztomographie (MRT) eignet sich bei der chronischen Osteomyelitis zur Op.-Planung. Gute bildgebende Verfahren zur Diagnose der frühen Form fehlen noch. Eine Osteomyelitis kann sich auch nach Jahren reaktivieren, doch nach chirurgischer Revision und adäquater Antibiotikatherapie kann bei klinisch, radiologisch und laborchemisch unauffälligen Parametern eine Heilung angenommen werden.
Abstract
Osteomyelitis is a term used to describe bone infection. As a complication, it can occur after open bone fracture and is associated with the implantation of foreign material. Acute disease after surgery starts after about 7 days to 4 weeks, and is characterized by a suppurative infection. Chronic infection sometimes manifests even years after surgery with a purulent sinus tract. Diagnosis is based on clinical signs, microbiological culture, histological evidence of the presence of granulocytes, and on radiological signs of osteomyelitis. However, it is sometimes difficult to distinguish between merely soft tissue involvement and osteomyelitis, especially in the presence of implanted material. Management includes a thoroughly surgical débridement and antibiotic treatment. Though frequently used, bacterial cultures of swabs of superficial wounds or fistulas are often misleading, whereas needle biopsy or surgical sampling with at least three tissue samples provides more reliable information. Because of the prolonged antibiotic treatment, it is mandatory for a successful outcome to culture the microorganism in order to determine antibiotic susceptibility. In addition to conventional radiological approaches, magnetic resonance imaging has become useful for the diagnosis of osteomyelitis. Despite significant progress in antibiotic therapy and orthopedic surgery, osteomyelitis remains difficult to treat and often relapses, even after years.
Literatur
Atkins BL, Athanasou N, Deeks JJ et al. (1998) Prospective evaluation of criteria for microbiological diagnosis of prosthetic-joint infection at revision arthroplasty. The OSIRIS Collaborative Study Group. J Clin Microbiol 36: 2932–2939
Bitkover CY, Gardlund B (1998) Mediastinitis after cardiovascular operations: a case-control study of risk factors. Ann Thorac Surg 65: 36–40
Blanchard A, Hurni M, Ruchat P, Stumpe F, Fischer A, Sadeghi H (1995) Incidence of deep and superficial sternal infection after open heart surgery. A ten years retrospective study from 1981 to 1991. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 9: 153–157
Bodoky A, Neff U, Heberer M, Harder F (1993) Antibiotic prophylaxis with two doses of cephalosporin in patients managed with internal fixation for a fracture of the hip. J Bone Joint Surg [Am] 75: 61–65
De Feo M, Renzulli A, Ismeno G et al. (2001) Variables predicting adverse outcome in patients with deep sternal wound infection. Ann Thorac Surg 71: 324–331
Farinas MC, Gald PF, Bernal JM, et al. (1995) Suppurative mediastinitis after open-heart surgery: a case-control study covering a seven-year period in Santander, Spain. Clin Infect Dis 20: 272–279
Ghassemi M, Agger WA, Vanscoy RE, Howe GB (1999) Chronic sternal wound infection and endocarditis with Coxiella burnetii. Clin Infect Dis 28: 1249–1251
Gillespie WJ, Walenkamp G (2001) Antibiotic prophylaxis for surgery for proximal femoral and other closed long bone fractures (Cochrane Review). Cochran Database Syst Rev
Gotz F, Peters G (2000) Colonization of medical devices by coagulase-negative staphylococci. In: Waldvogel F, Bisno AL (eds) Infections associated with indwelling medical devices. ASM Press, Washington, pp 55–88
Grossi EA, Culliford AT, Krieger KH et al. (1985) A survey of 77 major infectious complication of median sternotomy: a review of 7,949 consecutive operative procedures. Ann Thorac Surg 40: 214–223
Guglielmo BJ, Luber AD, Paletta D Jr, Jacobs RA (2000) Ceftriaxone therapy for staphylococcal osteomyelitis: a review. Clin Infect Dis 30: 205–207
Hutchins CM, Sponseller PD, Sturm P, Mosquero R(2000) Open femur fractures in children: treatment, complications, and results. J Pediatr Orthop 20: 183–188
Itokazu M, Yang W, Masuda K, Ohno T, Tanaka S (1998) Abscess formation as a complication caused by postoperative osteomyelitis of the femur. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 118: 99–102
Kaim A, Ledermann HP, Bongartz G et al. (2000) Chronic post-traumatic osteomyelitis of the lower extremity: comparison of magnetic resonance imaging and combined bone scintigraphy/immunoscintigraphy with radiolabelled monoclonal antigranulocyte antibodies. Skeletal Radiol 29: 378–386
Kerns F, Zimmerman M, Tu K (1998) Cultures for sternal infection. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 116: 374
Kluytmans JA., Mouton JW, Ijzerman EP et al. (1995) Nasal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus as a major risk factor for wound infections after cardiac surgery. J Infect Dis 171: 216–219
Lew DP, Waldvogel FA (1997) Osteomyelitis. N Engl J Med 336: 999–1007
Lonner JH, Desai P, Dicesare PE, Steiner G, Zuckerman JD (1996) The reliability of analysis of intraoperative frozen sections for identifying active infection during revision hip or knee arthroplasty. J Bone Joint Surg.Am 78: 1553–1558
Mackowiak PA, Jones SR, Smith JW (1978) Diagnostic value of sinus-tract cultures in chronic osteomyelitis. JAMA 239: 2772–2775
Mirra JM, Amstutz HC, Matos M, Gold R (1976) The pathology of the joint tissues and its clinical relevance in prosthesis failure. Clin Orthop 221–240
Morrison WB, Schweitzer ME, Bock GW et al. (1993) Diagnosis of osteomyelitis: utility of fat-suppressed contrast-enhanced MR imaging. Radiology 189: 251–257
Norden C, Gillespie WJ, Nade S (1994) Chronic osteomyelitis. In: Norden C, Gillespie WJ, Nade S (eds) Infections in Bone and Joints. Blackwell Scientific publications, Cambridge, pp 249–273
Robiller FC, Stumpe KD, Kossmann T et al. (2000) Chronic osteomyelitis of the femur: value of PET imaging. Eur Radiol 10: 855–858
Ruef C, Fanconi S, Nadal D (1996) Sternal wound infection after heart operations in pediatric patients associated with nasal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 112: 681–686
Samuels LE, Sharma S, Morris RJ et al. (1996) Mycobacterium fortuitum infection of the sternum. Review of the literature and case illustration. Arch Surg 131: 1344–1346
Tegnell A, Aren C, Ohman L (2000) Coagulase-negative staphylococci and sternal infections after cardiac operation. Ann Thorac Surg 69: 1104–1109
Tengve B, Kjellander J (1978) Antibiotic prophylaxis in operations on trochanteric femoral fractures. J Bone Joint Surg [Am] 60: 97–99
Tice AD (1998) Outpatient parenteral antimicrobial therapy for osteomyelitis. Infect Dis Clin North Am 12: 903–919
Tunney MM, Patrick S, Curran MD et al. (1999) Detection of prosthetic hip infection at revision arthroplasty by immunofluorescence microscopy and PCR amplification of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene. J Clin Microbiol 37: 3281–3290
Ueng SW, Wei FC, Shih CH (1999) Management of femoral diaphyseal infected nonunion with antibiotic beads local therapy, external skeletal fixation, and staged bone grafting. J Trauma 46: 97–103
Widmer A, Barraud GE, Zimmerli W (1988) Reaktivierung einer Staphylococcus-aureus-Osteomyelitis nach 49 Jahren. Schweiz Med Wochenschr 118: 23–26
Zimmerli W, Widmer AF, Blatter M, Frei R, Ochsner PE (1998) Role of rifampin for treatment of orthopedic implant-related staphylococcal infections: a randomized controlled trial. Foreign-Body Infection (FBI) Study Group. JAMA 279: 1537–1541
Interessenkonflikt:
Der korrespondierende Autor versichert, dass keine Verbindungen mit einer Firma, deren Produkt in dem Artikel genannt ist, oder einer Firma, die ein Konkurrenzprodukt vertreibt, bestehen.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Flückiger, U., Zimmerli, W. Diagnosestellung und Verlaufsmonitoring der postoperativen bakteriellen Osteitis. Orthopäde 33, 416–423 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00132-003-0606-z
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00132-003-0606-z