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Diagnosestellung und Verlaufsmonitoring der postoperativen bakteriellen Osteitis

Diagnosis and follow-up management of postoperative bacterial osteomyelitis

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Zusammenfassung

Die postoperative Osteomyelitis, d. h. die Infektion nach chirurgisch versorgten Eingriffen am Knochen kann früh postoperativ—bis 4 Wochen nach Op.— oder spät—auch Jahre nach Op.—auftreten. Die höchste Infektionsgefahr besteht bei offenen Frakturen Grad III, die niedrigste bei osteosynthetisch versorgten geschlossenen Frakturen. Die frühe Form geht oft zu Beginn mit eitriger Sekretion einher. Die chronische Osteomyelitis weist eine Fistel auf, die sich intermittierend öffnen oder verschließen kann. Für die Diagnose sind Klinik, mikrobiologischer Erregernachweis aus mehreren Biopsien (Knochen und Gewebe) und Histologie entscheidend. Da die antibiotische Therapie mehrere Wochen dauert, sollte versucht werden, den Erreger zu kultivieren. Nur bei kulturellem Wachstum ist eine Resistenzprüfung gegenüber Antibiotika möglich, nicht aber bei der Polymerasekettenreaktion (PCR). Die Magnetresonanztomographie (MRT) eignet sich bei der chronischen Osteomyelitis zur Op.-Planung. Gute bildgebende Verfahren zur Diagnose der frühen Form fehlen noch. Eine Osteomyelitis kann sich auch nach Jahren reaktivieren, doch nach chirurgischer Revision und adäquater Antibiotikatherapie kann bei klinisch, radiologisch und laborchemisch unauffälligen Parametern eine Heilung angenommen werden.

Abstract

Osteomyelitis is a term used to describe bone infection. As a complication, it can occur after open bone fracture and is associated with the implantation of foreign material. Acute disease after surgery starts after about 7 days to 4 weeks, and is characterized by a suppurative infection. Chronic infection sometimes manifests even years after surgery with a purulent sinus tract. Diagnosis is based on clinical signs, microbiological culture, histological evidence of the presence of granulocytes, and on radiological signs of osteomyelitis. However, it is sometimes difficult to distinguish between merely soft tissue involvement and osteomyelitis, especially in the presence of implanted material. Management includes a thoroughly surgical débridement and antibiotic treatment. Though frequently used, bacterial cultures of swabs of superficial wounds or fistulas are often misleading, whereas needle biopsy or surgical sampling with at least three tissue samples provides more reliable information. Because of the prolonged antibiotic treatment, it is mandatory for a successful outcome to culture the microorganism in order to determine antibiotic susceptibility. In addition to conventional radiological approaches, magnetic resonance imaging has become useful for the diagnosis of osteomyelitis. Despite significant progress in antibiotic therapy and orthopedic surgery, osteomyelitis remains difficult to treat and often relapses, even after years.

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Flückiger, U., Zimmerli, W. Diagnosestellung und Verlaufsmonitoring der postoperativen bakteriellen Osteitis. Orthopäde 33, 416–423 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00132-003-0606-z

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