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Kyphoplastik im konventionellen und halboffenen Verfahren

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Zusammenfassung

Die Kyphoplastie ist ein neuer Therapieansatz, der für die minimal-invasive Augmentation osteoporotischer Wirbelfrakturen entwickelt wurde. Im Gegensatz zur Vertebroplastie erlaubt die Technik der Kyphoplastie eine vom Frakturalter abhängige Reposition durch druckkontrollierte Füllung eines transpedikulär in die Spongiosa des frakturierten Wirbelkörpers eingebrachten Ballons. Zur Retention wird die nach Ballonentfernung verbleibende Kaverne mit hochviskösem Augmentationsmaterial aufgefüllt. Die dabei erreichte niedrige Rate an ernsten Komplikationen, wie beispielsweise ein intraspinaler Materialaustritt, rechtfertigt den Versuch einer Indikationserweiterung auf spezielle traumatische Frakturtypen und neoplastische Wirbeleinbrüche durch osteolytische Metastasen. Neben den Indikationen für die konventionellen perkutanen Zugänge, erlaubt der „halboffene“ mikrochirurgische Zugang die Anwendung der Kyphoplastietechnik auch bei komplexeren Wirbelkörperfrakturen mit Komprimierung der neuralen Strukturen.

Die operativen Techniken der Kyphoplastie führen über eine schnell einsetzende Schmerzreduktion zur raschmöglichen Mobilisierung der Patienten durch die sofortige Stabilisierung des betroffenen Wirbelkörpers. Dennoch ist weiterhin ein interdisziplinäres Therapiekonzept gefordert, um neben der operativen Intervention die individuelle medikamentöse und rehabilitative Behandlung der Grunderkrankung zu optimieren.

Abstract

Kyphoplasty is a young method which was developed for the minimally invasive augmentation of osteoporotic vertebral fractures. In contrast to vertebroplasty, the kyphoplasty technique allows an age-dependent fracture reduction through the inflation of a special balloon in the fractured cancellous bone of the vertebral body. The cancellous bone of the fracture zone is compressed by the balloon, so that a cavity remains in the vertebral body after removing the balloon, which is filled with highly viscous augmentation material. The reduced risk of serious complications, for example epidural leakage of augmentation material, justifies progressively expanding the indications for this technique to traumatic fractures with involvement of the posterior vertebral wall and neoplastic vertebral collapse due to osteolytic metastasis. Besides the indications for the conventional percutaneous approaches, the microsurgical interlaminary approach allows the use of kyphoplasty in more complex fractures involving compression of the neural structures.

Kyphoplasty induces swift pain relief and allows rapid mobilisation of patients due to the immediate stabilisation of the affected vertebral bodies. Apart from the operative intervention, the medical treatment of the primary disease and the rehabilitation of the individual patient should be optimised through an interdisciplinary approach.

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Danksagung

Besonderer Dank gilt Frau Dr. med. Alexandra Boszczyk für die Anfertigung der Zeichnungen.

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Correspondence to B. M. Boszczyk.

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Boszczyk, B.M., Bierschneider, M., Hauck, S. et al. Kyphoplastik im konventionellen und halboffenen Verfahren. Orthopäde 33, 13–21 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00132-003-0575-2

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