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Operative Therapie primär maligner Knochentumoren

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Zusammenfassung

Unter dem Begriff der primär malignen Knochentumoren werden verschiedenste Tumoren zusammengefasst. Eine vollständige Tumorresektion ist bei fast allen malignen Knochentumoren anzustreben. Bei einigen Knochentumoren ist die alleinige Tumorresektion ausreichende Therapie, andere Tumoren des Knochens werden in einem multimodalen Konzept therapiert. Der Stellenwert der Operation ist demgemäß bei denjenigen Tumoren, die alleinig durch eine Tumorresektion behandelt werden, wie z. B. das primär ossäre Fibrosarkom, sehr hoch.

Ein multimodales Konzept, wie es für das Osteosarkom oder die Ewing-Tumoren angewandt wird, enthält zusätzliche Elemente wie Strahlentherapie oder systemische Therapie (Chemotherapie). Der Stellenwert der operativen Lokaltherapie ist bei diesen Tumoren unterschiedlich. Beim hochmalignen Osteosarkom ist der Stellenwert der Operation des Tumors mit weiten Resektionsgrenzen überaus hoch, jedoch leben ohne aggressive systemische Chemotherapie nur 10–20% der Patienten nach 5 Jahren. Die Strahlentherapie ist bei diesem Tumor nur dann indiziert, wenn eine operative Sanierung zu marginalen oder schlechteren Resektionsgrenzen führen würde. Die Effektivität der Strahlentherapie ist als geringer einzuschätzen als die der Operation; evtl. vorhandene Metastasen des Osteosarkoms werden bei kurativem Ansatz der Therapie ebenfalls operativ komplett entfernt.

Das primär ossäre maligne fibröse Histiozytom (MFH) wird wie das Osteosarkom therapiert. Die Strahlentherapie scheint hier leicht bessere Ergebnisse als beim Osteosarkom zu erbringen, sodass beide Möglichkeiten der Lokaltherapie eingesetzt werden. Die systemische Chemotherapie ergibt zusätzlich eine Verbesserung der Überlebensraten. Der Ewing-Tumor wird ebenfalls multimodal behandelt. Die systemische Chemotherapie verbesserte auch hier die Überlebensrate nach 5 Jahren von <10% auf >60%. Der Stellenwert der operativen Therapie ist momentan im Wandel. Der Einsatz der operativen oder strahlentherapeutischen Lokalsanierung wird heute nach individuellen Kriterien entschieden.

Abstract

The term primary malignant bone tumors covers a diversity of entities. Tumor resection is preferable in most. In some, surgery alone is sufficient, in others therapy will be based on a combined modality concept. Resection plays the essential role in those tumors treated by surgery alone, e.g., primary osseous fibrosarcoma. The combined modality approach in osteosarcomas or Ewing’s tumors provides for additional elements of local therapy (radiotherapy) or systemic treatment (chemotherapy).

The relevance of surgery for local control varies in these latter diagnoses. In highly malignant osteosarcoma, where wide margin surgery is of utmost importance, only 10–20% of patients will survive longer than 5 years without aggressive systemic chemotherapy. Radiotherapy in these patients is only indicated when “marginal” or “less than marginal” surgery is expected. In terms of efficacy, radiotherapy is inferior to surgery. In disseminated osteosarcoma, a curative treatment approach will also provide for surgical removal of all metastases.

Treatment of primary malignant fibrous histiocytoma (MFH) of bone is identical to osteosarcoma therapy. Since radiotherapy appears to be marginally more effective than in osteosarcoma, both modalities of local therapy are used. Systemic chemotherapy adds an additional benefit for improved survival. Therapy for Ewing’s tumor also follows a combined modality approach. The introduction of systemic chemotherapy has raised 5-year survival rates from less than 10% to above 60%. The role of surgery is currently subject to debate. At present, the use of surgery or irradiation for local control is tailored to the individual patient’s needs.

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Flege, S., Kuhlen, M., Paulussen, M. et al. Operative Therapie primär maligner Knochentumoren. Orthopäde 32, 940–948 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00132-003-0555-6

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