Abstract
This study involved the development of mathematical linear regression models to describe the relationships between mean plant biomass (M) and population density (D), M and frond diameter (L), frond numbers (N) and L of Lemna minor under different initial population densities (3200, 4450, and 6400 plants/m2), respectively, from the perspective of the self-thinning law. Our results revealed that the value of the allometric exponents for M and D were − 3/2. Further, the concentrations of Zn, Pb, Cu, Fe, and Ni accumulated in L. minor plants were 0.86, 0.32, 0.36, 0.62, and 0.39 mg/kg, respectively. Based on these developed equations and the heavy metal accumulations by L. minor, the phytoremediation capacity of L. minor was quantified via its frond diameters. Overall, the present study provides a cost-effective green method for managing the phytoremediation of heavy metal-contaminated aquatic environments.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Bokhari SH, Ahmad I, Mahmood-Ul-Hassan M, Mohammad A (2016) Phytoremediation potential of Lemna minor L. for heavy metals. Int J Phytorem 18:25–32. https://doi.org/10.1080/15226514.2015.1058331
Charru M, Seynave I, Morneau F, Rivoire M, Bontemps JD (2012) Significant differences and curvilinearity in the self-thinning relationships of 11 temperate tree species assessed from forest inventory data. Ann For Sci 69:195–205. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13595-011-0149-0
Cucu AK, Topkaya M, Erdogan G, Aboul-Enein HY (2019) Quantitative determination of heavy metal contamination in horse mackerel and whiting caught in the sea of Marmara. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 102:498–503. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-019-02574-5
Daud MK et al (2018) Potential of Duckweed (Lemna minor) for the phytoremediation of landfill leachate. J Chem 2018:1–9. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/3951540
Driever SM, van Nes EH, Roijackers RMM (2005) Growth limitation of Lemna minor due to high plant density. Aquat Bot 81:245–251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquabot.2004.12.002
Duarte CM, Kalff J (1990) Biomass density and the relationship between submerged macrophyte biomass and plant growth form. Hydrobiologia 196:17–23. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00008889
Enquist BJ et al (1998) Allometric scaling of plant energetics and population density. Nature 395:163–165. https://doi.org/10.1038/25977
Frederic M, Samir L, Louise M, Abdelkrim A (2006) Comprehensive modeling of mat density effect on duckweed (Lemna minor) growth under controlled eutrophication. Water Res 40:2901–2910. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2006.05.026
Hu CW, Liu L, Li XL, Xu YD, Ge ZG, Zhao YJ (2018) Effect of graphene oxide on copper stress in Lemna minor L.: evaluating growth, biochemical responses, and nutrient uptake. J Hazard Mater 341:168–176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2017.07.061
Kufel L, Strzałek M, Przetakiewicz A (2018) Plant response to overcrowding – Lemna minor example. Acta Oecol 91:73–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actao.2018.06.007
Lesage E, Rousseau DP, Meers E, Tack FM, De Pauw N (2007) Accumulation of metals in a horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetland treating domestic wastewater in Flanders, Belgium. Sci Total Environ 380:102–115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2006.10.055
Liu Y, Sanguanphun T, Yuan W, Cheng JJ, Meetam M (2017) The biological responses and metal phytoaccumulation of duckweed Spirodela polyrhiza to manganese and chromium. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 24:19104–19113. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-9519-y
Mateos-Naranjo E, Galle A, Florez-Sarasa I, Perdomo JA, Galmes J, Ribas-Carbo M, Flexas J (2015) Assessment of the role of silicon in the Cu-tolerance of the C4 grass Spartina densiflora. J Plant Physiol 178:74–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jplph.2015.03.001
Mcgrath SP, Shen ZG, Zhao FJ (1997) Heavy metal uptake and chemical changes in the rhizosphere of Thlaspi caerulescens and Thlaspi ochroleucum grown in contaminated soils. Plant Soil 188:153–159. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1004248123948
Miretzky P, Saralegui A, Cirelli AF (2004) Aquatic macrophytes potential for the simultaneous removal of heavy metals (Buenos Aires, Argentina). Chemosphere 57:997–1005. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2004.07.024
Peltzer DA, Allen RB, Bellingham PJ, Richardson SJ, Wright EF, Knightbridge PI, Mason NWH (2014) Disentangling drivers of tree population size distributions. For Ecol Manag 331:165–179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2014.06.037
Pilon-Smits E, Pilon M (2002) Phytoremediation of metals using transgenic plants. Crit Rev Plant Sci 21:439–456. https://doi.org/10.1080/0735-260291044313
Pons TL, Lambers H, Chapin FS (2000) Plant physiology ecology. Springer, New York
Radic S et al (2010) Ecotoxicological assessment of industrial effluent using duckweed (Lemna minor L.) as a test organism. Ecotoxicology 19:216–222. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10646-009-0408-0
Rai PK (2008) Heavy metal pollution in aquatic ecosystems and its phytoremediation using wetland plants: an ecosustainable approach. Int J Phytorem 10:133–160. https://doi.org/10.1080/15226510801913918
Reich PB, Tjoelker MG, Machado JL, Oleksyn J (2006) Universal scaling of respiratory metabolism, size and nitrogen in plants. Nature 439:457–461. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature04282
Sasmaz M, Arslan Topal EI, Obek E, Sasmaz A (2015) The potential of Lemna gibba L. and Lemna minor L. to remove Cu, Pb, Zn, and As in gallery water in a mining area in Keban, Turkey. J Environ Manag 163:246–253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2015.08.029
Sun H, Zhang J, Duan A, He C (2011) Estimation of the self-thinning boundary line within even-aged Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata (Lamb.) Hook.) stands: onset of self-thinning. For Ecol Manag 261:1010–1015. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2010.12.019
Sun H et al (2018) Relationship between size inequality and stand productivity is modified by self-thinning, age, site and planting density in Sassafras tzumu plantations in central. China For Ecol Manag 422:199–206. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2018.02.003
Sun Y et al (2019) Growth, physiological function, and antioxidant defense system responses of Lemna minor L. to decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) induced phytotoxicity. Plant Physiol Biochem 139:113–120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2019.03.018
Ucuncu E, Tunca E, Fikirdesici S, Ozkan AD, Altindag A (2013) Phytoremediation of Cu, Cr and Pb mixtures by Lemna minor. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 91:600–604. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-013-1107-3
Unutkan T, Koyuncu I, Diker C, Firat M, Buyukpinar C, Bakirdere S (2019) Accurate and sensitive analytical strategy for the determination of antimony: hydrogen assisted T-shaped slotted quartz tube-atom trap-flame atomic absorption spectrometry. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 102:122–127. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-018-2504-4
West GB, Brown JH, Enquist BJ (1997) A general model for the origin of allometric scaling laws in biology. Science 276:122–126. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.276.5309.122
Westoby M (1984) The self-thinning rule. Adv Ecol Res 14:167–225
Yoda K, Kira T, Ogawa H, Hozumi K (1963) Self-thinning in overcrowded pure stands under cultivated and natural conditions. J Biol Osaka City Univ 14:107–129
Zeide B (1987) Analysis of the 3/2 power law of self-thinning. For Sci 33:517–537. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-1127(87)90002-8
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (No. 2016YFD0600204) and the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions (PAPD).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Sun, Y., Gao, P., Ding, N. et al. Feasible Green Strategy for the Quantitative Bioaccumulation of Heavy Metals by Lemna minor: Application of the Self-Thinning Law. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 104, 282–287 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-019-02772-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-019-02772-1