Abstract
We performed this study to determine whether both eating cadmium (Cd)-polluted rice and drinking and/or cooking with Jinzu River water are associated with renal tubular dysfunction. A multiple logistic regression analysis of retrospective data indicated that both factors may contribute to this condition. Estimated threshold values of rice Cd concentration in men were 0.13–0.27 ppm and 0.09–0.18 ppm in women, without adjustment for use of Jinzu River water. The additional influence of drinking and/or cooking with Jinzu River water was estimated to be about 0.008 ppm.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Budtz-Jørgensen E, Keiding N, Grandjean P (2001) Benchmark dose calculation from epidemiological data. Biometrics 57:698–706. doi:10.1111/j.0006-341X.2001.00698.x
Cai SW, Yue L, Hu ZN, Ye ZL, Xu HD, Liu YR, Ji RD, Zhang WH, Zhang FY (1990) Cadmium exposure and health effects among residents in an irrigation area with ore dressing wastewater. Sci Total Environ 90:67–73. doi:10.1016/0048-9697(90)90186-X
Cai S, Wang J, Xue J, Zhu X, Wang J, Wang Y (1992) A judgment of attribution of increase in urine beta-2-microglobulin after environmental cadmium exposure. Biomed Environ Sci 5:130–135
Cai S, Yue L, Shang Q, Noedberg G (1995) Cadmium exposure among residents in an area contaminated by irrigation water in China. Bull World Health Organ 73:359–367
Crump KS (1984) A new method for determining allowable daily intakes. Fundam Appl Toxicol 4:854–871. doi:10.1016/0272-0590(84)90107-6
Crump KS (1995) Calculation of benchmark dose from continuous data. Risk Anal 15:79–89. doi:10.1111/j.1539-6924.1995.tb00095.x
Filipsson AF, Sand S, Nilsson J, Victorin K (2003) The benchmark dose methods—review of available models and recommendations for application in health risk assessment. Crit Rev Tocicol 33:505–542
Fukushima M, Sakamoto M (1974a) Studies on some urinary screening tests for renal dysfunction induced by cadmium exposure. 2. Examination of the urinary protein determination by Kingsbury-Clark’s turbidity method. J Juzen Med Assoc 83:733–748 (in Japanese)
Fukushima M, Sakamoto M (1974b) Studies on some urinary screening tests for renal dysfunction induced by cadmium exposure. 1. Determination of glucose in urine by o-toluidine boric acid method. J Juzen Med Assoc 83:733–748 (in Japanese)
Gaylor D, Ryan L, Krewski D, Zhu Y (1998) Procedures for calculation of benchmark doses for health risk assessment. Reg Toxico Pharmacol 28:150–164. doi:10.1006/rtph.1998.1247
Ishikawa Prefecture Department of Health (1976) Report of the health examination on the inhabitants in the Kakehashi River basin. Kanazawa, pp 79–84 (in Japanese)
Nogawa K (1981) Itai-Itai disease and follow-up studies. In: Nriagu JO (ed) Cadmium in the environment, part 2 health effects. Wiley Interscience Publication, New York/Chichester/Brisbane/Toronto/Singapore, pp 1–37
Nogawa K, Ishizaki A (1979) A comparison between cadmium in rice and renal effects among inhabitants of the Jinzu river basin. Environ Res 18:410–420. doi:10.1016/0013-9351(79)90117-8
Nomiyama K (1986) The chronic toxicity of cadmium: influence of environment and other variables. I. In: Foulkes EC (ed) Handbook of environmental pharmacology, vol 80. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp 101–133
Osawa T, Kobayashi E, Okubo Y, Suwazono Y, Kido T, Nogawa K (2001) A retrospective study on relation between renal dysfunction and cadmium concentration in rice in individual hamlets in the Jinzu river basin, Toyama Prefecture. Environ Res 86:51–59. doi:10.1006/enrs.2001.4248
Simmons RW, Pongsakul P, Saiyasitpanich D, Klinphoklap S (2005) Elevated levels of cadmium and zinc in paddy soils and elevated levels of cadmium in rice grain downstream of a zinc mineralized area in Thailand: implications for public health. Environ Geochem Health 27:501–511. doi:10.1007/s10653-005-7857-z
Study group for Itai-itai disease (1968) An etiological study of Itai-itai disease. In: Association of Japanese Public Health (ed) Tokyo, pp 1–58 (in Japanese)
Toyama Prefecture Department of Health (1976) Current status of pollution of soil and its countermeasure. In: Toyama Prefecture (ed) An interpretation of white paper on environmental pollution Toyama pp 128–135 (in Japanese)
Tsuchiya K, Iwao S (1978) Results and evaluation on cadmium intake of Cd-exposed inhabitants in Akita Ishikawa and Nagasaki Prefectures. Kankyo Hoken Report 44:86–115 (in Japanese)
Watanabe Y, Kobayashi E, Okubo Y, Suwazono Y, Kido T, Nogawa K (2002) Relationship between cadmium concentration in rice and renal dysfunction in individual subjects of the Jinzu river basin determined using a logistic regression analysis. Toxicology 172:93–101. doi:10.1016/S0300-483X(01)00557-1
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Kobayashi, E., Suwazono, Y., Dochi, M. et al. Estimation of Benchmark Rice Cadmium Doses as Threshold Values for Abnormal Urinary Findings with Adjustment for Consumption of Jinzu River Water. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 83, 102–107 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-009-9766-9
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-009-9766-9