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Environmental clustering of drug abuse in households and communities: multi-level modeling of a national Swedish sample

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Abstract

Purpose

Both epidemiological and genetically informative studies indicate that shared environmental influences contribute to resemblance in siblings for drug abuse (DA). To what degree do these influences arise from living in the same household versus residing in the same community?

Methods

We performed a cross-classified multi-level logistic regression on all individuals born in Sweden 1975–1990 (N = 1558,654). We assessed the proportion of the total population variation in DA that was due to household versus community effects controlling for genetic resemblance. DA was assessed from medical, criminal and pharmacy records.

Results

Expressed as an intraclass correlation (ICC), the combined household/community effects accounted for ~8 % of the total population variation in DA. The variance attributed to the community was greater than that seen for household (4.5 versus 3.4 %). In males, the variance components were slightly larger and nearly equal at the community (5.3 %) and household level (5.1 %). In females, household effects (4.8 %) were stronger than those arising from the community (3.2 %).

Conclusion

In the total population and among males, community effects on DA were somewhat more potent than household effects. However, in females, household effects on DA were stronger than community effects. In Sweden, shared environmental effects for DA arise both at the household and at the community level. Community effects on DA are more potent in males than in females.

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Acknowledgments

This study was funded by grant RO1 DA030005 from the National Institute of Drug Abuse, the Swedish Research Council 2008-3110, 2008-2638, the Swedish Research Council for Health, Working Life and Welfare (Reg.nr: 2013-1836), the ALF project grant, Lund, Sweden and the Swedish Council for Information on Alcohol and Other Drugs (CAN).

Conflict of interest

None of the authors have conflicts to report.

Author information

Author notes

    Authors and Affiliations

    1. Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Box 980126, Richmond, VA, 23298-0126, USA

      Kenneth S. Kendler

    2. Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA

      Kenneth S. Kendler

    3. Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA

      Kenneth S. Kendler

    4. Center for Primary Health Care Research, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden

      Henrik Ohlsson, Kristina Sundquist & Jan Sundquist

    5. Stanford Prevention Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA

      Kristina Sundquist & Jan Sundquist

    Authors
    1. Kenneth S. Kendler
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    2. Henrik Ohlsson
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    3. Kristina Sundquist
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    4. Jan Sundquist
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    Corresponding author

    Correspondence to Kenneth S. Kendler.

    Additional information

    K. S. Kendler and H. Ohlsson contributed equally to this work.

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    Kendler, K.S., Ohlsson, H., Sundquist, K. et al. Environmental clustering of drug abuse in households and communities: multi-level modeling of a national Swedish sample. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 50, 1277–1284 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-015-1030-5

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    • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-015-1030-5

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