Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

The impact of immigration and visible minority status on psychosis symptom profile

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Purpose

Immigrants have heightened risks of psychotic disorders, and it is proposed that migration influences symptom profiles. The purpose of this study was to investigate if either migration experience and/or visible minority status affected symptom profiles, using a cross-culturally validated five-factor model of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), in patients with broadly defined psychotic disorders.

Methods

PANSS was assessed in a large catchment area based sample of patients with psychotic disorders verified with the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (n = 1,081). Symptom profiles based on Wallwork et al. five-factor model were compared for Norwegians (73 %), white immigrants (10.5 %), and visible minority groups (16.5 %).

Results

Visible minorities were significantly younger, had less education, more often a schizophrenia diagnosis and higher PANSS positive, negative and disorganized/concrete factor scores than Norwegians and white immigrants. After controlling for confounders only the items “Delusions” and “Difficulty in abstract thinking” differed between groups. Multivariate analyses indicated that these items were not associated with immigration per se, but rather belonging to a visible minority.

Conclusion

We found mostly similarities in psychotic symptoms between immigrants and Norwegians when using a cross-culturally validated five-factor model of the PANSS. Immigration did not directly influence psychotic symptom profiles but visible minority groups had higher levels of “Delusions” and “Difficulty in abstract thinking”, both symptoms that are partially context dependent.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Coid JW, Kirkbride JB, Barker D, Cowden F, Stamps R, Yang M, Jones PB (2008) Raised incidence rates of all psychoses among migrant groups: findings from the. Arch Gen Psychiatry 65(11):1250–1258. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.65.11.1250

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Cantor-Graae E, Selten J (2005) Schizophrenia and migration: a meta-analysis and review. Am J Psychiatry 162(1):12–24. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.162.1.12

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Bourque F, van der Ven E, Malla A (2011) A meta-analysis of the risk for psychotic disorders among first- and second-generation immigrants. Psychol Med 41(5):897–910. doi:10.1017/S0033291710001406

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Selten JP, Slaets JP, Kahn RS (1997) Schizophrenia in surinamese and dutch antillean immigrants to The Netherlands: evidence of an increased incidence. Psychol Med 27(4):807–811. doi:10.1017/S0033291797005199

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Selten JP, Sijben N (1994) First admission rates for schizophrenia in immigrants to The Netherlands. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 29(2):71–77. doi:10.1007/BF00805625

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Bhugra D, Leff J, Mallett R, Der G, Corridan B, Rudge S (1997) Incidence and outcome of schizophrenia in whites, African-Caribbeans and Asians in London. Psychol Med 27(4):791–798. doi:10.1017/S0033291797005369

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Bolden L, Wicks MN (2005) Length of stay, admission types, psychiatric diagnoses, and the implications of stigma in African Americans in the nationwide inpatient sample. Issues Ment Health Nurs 26(10):1043–1059. doi:10.1080/01612840500280703

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Schofield P, Ashworth M, Jones R (2011) Ethnic isolation and psychosis: re-examining the ethnic density effect. Psychol Med (41):1263–1269. doi:10.1017/S0033291710001649

  9. Das-Munshi J, Becares L, Boydell JE, Dewey ME, Morgan C, Stansfeld SA, Prince MJ (2012) Ethnic density as a buffer for psychotic experiences: findings from a national survey (EMPIRIC). Br J Psychiatry 201(4):282–290. doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.111.102376

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  10. van Os J (2012) Psychotic experiences: disadvantaged and different from the norm. Br J Psychiatry 201(4):258–259. doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.112.110262

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Veling W (2013) Ethnic minority position and risk for psychotic disorders. Curr Opin Psychiatry 26(2):166–171. doi:10.1097/YCO.0b013e32835d9e43

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Bresnahan M, Begg MD, Brown A, Schaefer C, Sohler N, Insel B, Vella L, Susser E (2007) Race and risk of schizophrenia in a US birth cohort: another example of health disparity? Int J Epidemiol 36(4):751–758. doi:10.1093/ije/dym041

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Amad A, Guardia D, Salleron J, Thomas P, Roelandt JL, Vaiva G (2013) Increased prevalence of psychotic disorders among third-generation migrants: results from the French Mental Health in General Population survey. Schizophr Res. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2013.03.011

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Schrier AC, van de Wetering BJM, Mulder PGH, Selten JP (2001) Point prevalence of schizophrenia in immigrant groups in Rotterdam: data from outpatient facilities. European Psychiatry 16(3):162–166. doi:10.1016/S0924-9338(01)00558-2

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Anglin DM, Malaspina D (2008) Racial and ethnic effects on psychotic psychiatric diagnostic changes from admission to discharge: a retrospective chart review. J Clin Psychiatry 69(3):464–469

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Schaffer A, Cairney J, Cheung A, Veldhuizen S, Kurdyak P, Levitt A (2009) Differences in prevalence and treatment of bipolar disorder among immigrants: results from an epidemiologic survey. Can J Psychiatry 54(11):734–742

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Berg AO, Melle I, Rossberg JI, Romm KL, Larsson S, Lagerberg TV, Andreassen OA, Hauff E (2011) Perceived discrimination is associated with severity of positive and depression/anxiety symptoms in immigrants with psychosis: a cross-sectional study. BMC Psychiatry 11(1):77. doi:10.1186/1471-244X-11-77

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  18. Janssen I, Hanssen M, Bak M, Bijl RV, De Graaf R, Vollebergh W, McKenzie K, van Os J (2003) Discrimination and delusional ideation. Br J Psychiatry 182(1):71–76

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Haasen C, Yagdiran O, Mass R, Krausz M (2001) Schizophrenic disorders among Turkish migrants in Germany. A controlled clinical study. Psychopathology 34(4):203–208. doi:10.1159/000049308

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Veling W, Selten JP, Mackenbach JP, Hoek HW (2007) Symptoms at first contact for psychotic disorder: comparison between native Dutch and ethnic minorities. Schizophr Res 95(1–3):30–38. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2007.06.024

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Harvey I, Williams M, McGuffin P, Toone BK (1990) The functional psychoses in Afro-Caribbeans. Br J Psychiatry 157:515–522. doi:10.1192/bjp.157.4.515

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Sohler NL, Bromet EJ (2003) Does racial bias influence psychiatric diagnoses assigned at first hospitalization? Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 38(8):463–472. doi:10.1007/s00127-003-0653-0

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Kennedy N, Boydell J, van Os J, Murray RM (2004) Ethnic differences in first clinical presentation of bipolar disorder: results. J Affect Disord 83(2–3):161–168. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2004.06.006

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Dassori AM, Miller AL, Velligan D, Saldana D, Diamond P, Mahurin R (1998) Ethnicity and negative symptoms in patients with schizophrenia. Cult Divers Ment Health 4(1):65–69. doi:10.1037/1099-9809.4.1.65

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Van Der Ven E, Bourque F, Joober R, Selten JP, Malla AK (2012) Comparing the clinical presentation of first-episode psychosis across different migrant and ethnic minority groups in Montreal, Quebec. Can J Psychiatry 57(5):300–308

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Chang N, Newman J, D’Antonio E, McKelvey J, Serper M (2011) Ethnicity and symptom expression in patients with acute schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res 185(3):453–455. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2010.07.019

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Harrison G, Amin S, Singh SP, Croudace T, Jones P (1999) Outcome of psychosis in people of African-Caribbean family origin. Population-based first-episode study. Br J Psychiatry 175:43–49. doi:10.1192/bjp.175.1.43

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Perron BE, Fries LE, Kilbourne AM, Vaughn MG, Bauer MS (2010) Racial/Ethnic group differences in bipolar symptomatology in a community sample of persons with bipolar I disorder. J Nerv Ment Dis 198(1):16–21. doi:10.1097/NMD.0b013e3181c818c5

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Li H, Eack SM, Montrose DM, Miewald JM, Keshavan M (2011) Longitudinal treatment outcome of African American and Caucasian patients with first episode psychosis. Asian J Psychiatr 4(4):266–271. doi:10.1016/j.ajp.2011.08.004

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  30. Perera R, Owens DG, Johnstone EC (1991) Disabilities and circumstances of schizophrenic patients—a follow-up study. Ethnic aspects. A Comparison of three matched groups. Br J Psychiatry Suppl (13):40–2, 44–6

  31. Birchwood M, Cochrane R, Macmillan F, Copestake S, Kucharska J, Carriss M (1992) The influence of ethnicity and family structure on relapse in first-episode schizophrenia. A comparison of Asian, Afro-Caribbean, and white patients. Br J Psychiatry 161:783–790. doi:10.1192/bjp.161.6.783

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Douzenis A, Apostolopoulos A, Seretis D, Rizos EN, Christodoulou C, Lykouras L (2011) The effect of ethnicity on prescribing practice and treatment outcome in inpatients suffering from schizophrenia in Greece. BMC Psychiatry 11:66. doi:10.1186/1471-244X-11-66

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  33. Bae SW, Brekke JS (2002) Characteristics of Korean-Americans with schizophrenia: a cross-ethnic comparison with African-Americans, Latinos, and Euro-Americans. Schizophr Bull 28(4):703–717

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. van der Gaag M, Cuijpers A, Hoffman T, Remijsen M, Hijman R, de Haan L, van Meijel B, van Harten PN, Valmaggia L, de Hert M, Wiersma D (2006) The five-factor model of the positive and negative syndrome scale I: confirmatory factor analysis fails to confirm 25 published five-factor solutions. Schizophr Res 85(1–3):273–279. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2006.04.001

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Kay SR, Fiszbein A, Opler LA (1987) The positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS) for schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 13(2):261–276. doi:10.1093/schbul/13.2.261

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Elmsley RA, Roberts MC, Rataemane S, Pretorius J, Oosthuizen PP, Turner J, Niehaus DJ, Keyter N, Stein DJ (2002) Ethnicity and treatment response in schizophrenia: a comparison of 3 ethnic groups. J Clin Psychiatry 63(1):9–14. doi:10.4088/JCP.v63n0103

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Ng CH, Chong SA, Lambert T, Fan A, Hackett L, Mahendran R, Subramaniam M, Schweitzer I (2005) An inter-ethnic comparison study of clozapine dosage, clinical response and plasma levels. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 20(3):163–168. doi:10.1097/00004850-200505000-00007

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Lempesi H, Ploumpidis D, Kontaxakis V, Havaki-Kontaxaki B, Konstantakopoulos G, Gonidakis F, Papadimitriou G (2009) Clinical symptoms and social functioning among immigrant and Greek patients with schizophrenia: a comparative study. Psychiatriki 20(4):319–328

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Lim CS, Subramaniam M, Poon LY, Chong SA, Verma S (2011) Cross-ethnic differences in severity of symptomatology of individuals with first-episode schizophrenia spectrum disorder. Early Interv Psychiatry 5(3):242–248. doi:10.1111/j.1751-7893.2011.00260.x

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Wallwork RS, Fortgang R, Hashimoto R, Weinberger DR, Dickinson D (2012) Searching for a consensus five-factor model of the positive and negative syndrome scale for schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 137(1–3):246–250. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2012.01.031

    Article  PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  41. WMA (2008) World medical association declaration of Helsinki: ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects, 59th edn. World Medical Association, Seoul

    Google Scholar 

  42. Ventura J, Liberman RP, Green MF, Shaner A, Mintz J (1998) Training and quality assurance with the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (SCID-I/P). Psychiatry Res 79(2):163–173. doi:10.1016/S0165-1781(98)00038-9

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Pedersen G, Hagtvet KA, Karterud S (2007) Generalizability studies of the global assessment of functioning-split version. Compr Psychiatry 48(1):88–94. doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2006.03.008

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Langeveld J, Andreassen OA, Auestad B, Faerden A, Hauge LJ, Joa I, Johannessen JO, Melle I, Rund BR, Rossberg JI, Simonsen E, Vaglum P, Larsen TK (2012) Is there an optimal factor structure of the positive and negative syndrome scale in patients with first-episode psychosis? Scand J Psychol. doi:10.1111/sjop.12017

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. van der Gaag M, Hoffman T, Remijsen M, Hijman R, de Haan L, van Meijel B, van Harten PN, Valmaggia L, de Hert M, Cuijpers A, Wiersma D (2006) The five-factor model of the positive and negative syndrome scale II: a ten-fold cross-validation of a revised model. Schizophr Res 85(1–3):280–287. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2006.03.021

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Daugstad G (ed) (2006) Innvandring og innvandrere 2006. Statistisk Sentralbyrå, Oslo-Kongsvinger

    Google Scholar 

  47. Rezai, Maclagan LC, Donovan LR, Tu JV (2013) Classification of Canadian immigrants into visible minority groups using country of birth and mother tongue. Open.Med 7(4):e85–e93

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  48. Henriksen K, Østby L, Ellingsen DE (2010) Innvandring og innvandrere, vol 2010. Statistics Norway, Oslo

    Google Scholar 

  49. Ratcliff K, Farhall J, Shawyer F (2011) Auditory hallucinations: a review of assessment tools. Clin Psychol Psychother 18(6):524–534. doi:10.1002/cpp.729

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Afuwape SA, Johnson S, Craig TJ, Miles H, Leese M, Mohan R, Thornicroft G (2006) Ethnic differences among a community cohort of individuals with dual diagnosis in South London. J Mental Health 15(5):551–567. doi:10.1080/09638230600900140

    Article  Google Scholar 

  51. Kelly DL, Dixon LB, Kreyenbuhl JA, Medoff D, Lehman AF, Love RC, Brown CH, Conley RR (2006) Clozapine utilization and outcomes by race in a public mental health system: 1994-2000. J Clin Psychiatry 67(9):1404–1411. doi:10.4088/JCP.v67n0911

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Leucht S, Kane JM, Kissling W, Hamann J, Etschel E, Engel RR (2005) What does the PANSS mean? Schizophr Res 79(2–3):231–238

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Reininghaus U, Craig TK, Fisher HL, Hutchinson G, Fearon P, Morgan K, Dazzan P, Doody GA, Jones PB, Murray RM, Morgan C (2010) Ethnic identity, perceptions of disadvantage, and psychosis: findings from the AESOP study. Schizophr Res 124(1–3):43–48. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2010.08.038

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Bhugra D, Leff J, Mallett R, Morgan C, Zhao JH (2010) The culture and identity schedule - a measure of cultural affiliation: acculturation, marginalization and schizophrenia. Int J Soc Psychiatry. doi:10.1177/0020764009358024

    Google Scholar 

  55. Veling W, Selten JP, Susser E, Laan W, Mackenbach JP, Hoek HW (2007) Discrimination and the incidence of psychotic disorders among ethnic minorities in The Netherlands. Int J Epidemiol 36(4):761–768. doi:10.1093/ije/dym085

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Karlsen S, Nazroo JY, McKenzie K, Bhui K, Weich S (2005) Racism, psychosis and common mental disorder among ethnic minority groups in England. Psychol Med 35(12):1795–1803. doi:10.1017/S0033291705005830

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Verdoux H, Husky M, Tournier M, Sorbara F, Swendsen JD (2003) Social environments and daily life occurence of psychotic symptoms: an experience sampling test in a non-clinical population. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 38(11):654–661. doi:10.1007/s00127-003-0702-8

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Allardyce J, Boydell J (2006) Review: the Wider Social Environment and Schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 32(4):592–598. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbl008

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  59. Arnold LM, Keck PE, Collins J, Wilson R, Fleck DE, Corey KB, Amicone J, Adebimpe VR, Strakowski SM (2004) Ethnicity and first-rank symptoms in patients with psychosis. Schizophr Res 67(2–3):207–212. doi:10.1016/s0920-9964(02)00497-8

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Veling W, Selten JP, Mackenbach JP, Hoek HW (2007) Symptoms at first contact for psychotic disorder: comparison between native Dutch and ethnic minorities. Schizophr Res 95:30–38. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2007.06.024

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Barrio C, Yamada A-M, Atuel H, Hough RL, Yee S, Berthot B, Russo PA (2003) A tri-ethnic examination of symptom expression on the positive and negative syndrome scale in schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Schizophr Res 60(2–3):259–269. doi:10.1016/S0920-9964%2802%2900223-2

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Saha S, Scott JG, Varghese D, McGrath JJ (2011) Socio-economic disadvantage and delusional-like experiences: a nationwide population-based study. Eur Psychiatry. doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2011.09.004

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Mark TL, Palmer LA, Russo PA, Vasey J (2003) Examination of treatment pattern differences by race. Ment Health Serv Res 5(4):241–250. doi:10.1023/A:1026281118990

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Fasfous AF, Hidalgo-Ruzzante N, Vilar-López R, Catena-Martínez A, Pérez-García M (2013) Cultural differences in neuropsychological abilities required to perform intelligence tasks. Arch Clinical Neuropsychol 28(8):784–790. doi:10.1093/arclin/act074

    Article  Google Scholar 

  65. Klingberg S, Wittorf A, Wiedemann G (2006) Disorganization and cognitive impairment in schizophrenia: independent symptom dimensions? Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 256(8):532–540. doi:10.1007/s00406-006-0704-0

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Mercado CL, Johannesen JK, Bell MD (2011) Thought disorder severity in compromised, deteriorated, and preserved intellectual course of schizophrenia. J Nerv Ment Dis 199(2):111–116. doi:10.1097/NMD.0b013e3182083bae

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Park DC, Huang C-M (2010) Culture wires the brain: a cognitive neuroscience perspective. Perspect Psychol Sci 5(4):391–400. doi:10.1177/1745691610374591

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  68. Flynn JR (1987) Massive IQ gains in 14 nations: what IQ tests really measure. Psychol Bull 101(2):171–191. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.101.2.171

    Article  Google Scholar 

  69. APA (1994) Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-IV, 4th edn. American Psychiatric Association, Washington, D.C

    Google Scholar 

  70. Cermolacce M, Sass L, Parnas J (2010) What is bizarre in bizarre delusions? A critical review. Schizophr Bull 36(4):667–679. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbq001

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Nerhus M, Berg AO, Haram M, Kvitland LR, Andreassen OA, Melle I (2013) Migrant background and ethnic minority status as predictors for duration of untreated psychosis. Early Interv Psychiatry. doi:10.1111/eip.12106

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Ayazi T, Bøgwald K (2008) Innvandreres bruk av poliklinisk psykiatrisk tjeneste. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen 2(128):162–165

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

We would like to thank the participants in the TOP study and the clinicians collaborating in patient recruitment for their contribution. We would also like to thank Thomas Bjella, Eivind Bakken, and Ragnhild Storli. Funding for this study was provided by the Kristian Gerhard Jebsen Foundation, the Research Council of Norway (Grants #181831, 147787/320, 167153/V50) and the Regional Health Authority for South-Eastern Norway Health Authority (Grants #2010-074 and #2006-258). Neither had any role in study design, data collection, analysis and interpretation, writing of the report, or the decision to submit the paper for publication.

Conflict of interest

On behalf of all authors, the corresponding author states that there is no conflict of interest.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Norment, K.G. Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, University of Oslo, Oslo or Ullevål University Hospital HF, Building 49, Nydalen, 4956, 0424, Oslo, Norway

    Akiah Ottesen Berg, Ole A. Andreassen, Sofie Ragnhild Aminoff & Ingrid Melle

  2. Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Department of Research and Development, Oslo University Hospital, Nydalen, Oslo, Norway

    Ole A. Andreassen, Kristin Lie Romm, Edvard Hauff & Ingrid Melle

  3. Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo University Hospital, Nydalen, Oslo, Norway

    Edvard Hauff

  4. Division of Mental Health Services, Department of Specialized Inpatient Treatment, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Akershus, Norway

    Sofie Ragnhild Aminoff

Authors
  1. Akiah Ottesen Berg
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Ole A. Andreassen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Sofie Ragnhild Aminoff
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Kristin Lie Romm
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Edvard Hauff
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Ingrid Melle
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Akiah Ottesen Berg.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Berg, A.O., Andreassen, O.A., Aminoff, S.R. et al. The impact of immigration and visible minority status on psychosis symptom profile. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 49, 1747–1757 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-014-0897-x

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-014-0897-x

Keywords

Search

Navigation