Abstract
Introduction
Ante-partum depression (APD) is usually defined as a non-psychotic depressive episode of mild to moderate severity, beginning in or extending into pregnancy. APD has received less attention than postpartum depression. This is a cross-sectional study carried out in the Obstetrics and Gynaecology (OG) departments of four different general hospitals in Italy.
Methods
Women attending consecutively the OG departments for their first ultrasound examination were asked to fill in the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) in its Italian validated version. We used the total scores of the EPDS as a continuous variable for univariate and linear regression analyses; in accordance with the literature, the item analysis of EPDS was carried out by classifying the sample as women with “no depression” (scores 0–9), “possible depression” (scores 10–12), “probable depression” (scores 13+) and “probable APD” (scores 15+).
Results
The number of women recruited was 1,608. The EPDS assessment classified 10.9 % of the women as possibly depressed, 8.3 % as probably depressed and 4.7 % probably affected from an APD. EPDS score distribution was associated with nationality (higher scores for foreigners), cohabitation (higher scores for women living with friends or in a community), occupation (higher scores for housewives), past episodes of depression and use of herbal drugs. Non-depressed women had significantly lower values on all ten items as compared with depressed women, however, the pattern of item distribution on the EPDS scale remained similar across depression severity groups. In all four groups item 4 (anxious depression) attained the highest scores, while item 10 (suicidality) attained the lowest scores.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Evans J, Heron J, Francomb H, Oke S, Golding J (2001) Cohort study of depressed mood during pregnancy and after childbirth. BMJ 323:1257–1260
Gavin NI, Gaynes BN, Lohr KN, Meltzer-Brody S, Gartlehner G, Swinson T (2005) Perinatal depression. A systematic review of prevalence and incidence. Obstet Gynecol 106:1071–1083
Leigh B, Milgrom J (2008) Risk factors for antenatal depression, postnatal depression and parenting stress. BMC Psychiatry 8:24
Andersson L, Sundstrom-Poronas I, Bixio M, Wulff M, Bondestam K, Astrom M (2003) Point prevalence of psychiatric disorders during the second trimester of pregnancy: a population-based study. Am J Obstet Gynecol 189:48–154
Chen H, Chan YH 3rd, Tan KH, Lee T (2004) Depressive symptomatology in pregnancy—a Singaporean perspective. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 39:975–979
Borri C, Mauri M, Oppo A, Banti S, Rambelli C, Ramacciotti D, Montagnani MS, Camilleri V, Cortopassi S, Bettini A, Ricciardulli S, Rucci P, Montaresi S, Cassano GB (2008) Axis I psychopathology and functional impairment at the third month of pregnancy. Results from the Perinatal Depression-Research and Screening Unit (PND-ReScU) study. J Clin Psychiatry 69:1617–1624
Bennet HA, Einarson A, Taddio A, Koren G, Einarson TR (2004) Prevalence of depression during pregnancy: systematic review. Obstet Gynecol 103:698–709
Lancaster CA, Gold KJ, Flynn HA, Yoo H, Marcus SM, Davis MM (2010) Risk factors for depressive symptoms during pregnancy: a systematic review. Am J Obstet Gynecol 202:5–14
Manzolli P, Nunes MA, Schmidt MI, Pinheiro AP, Soares RM, Giacomello A, Drehmer M, Buss C, Hoffmann JF, Ozcariz S, Melere C, Manenti CN, Camey S, Ferri CP (2010) Violence and depressive symptoms during pregnancy: a primary care study in Brazil. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 45:983–988
Cox JL, Holden JM, Sagovsky R (1987) Detection of postnatal depression: development of the 10-item Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. Br J Psychiatry 150:782–786
Gibson J, McKenzie-Mcharg K, Shakespeare J, Price J, Gray R (2009) A systematic review of studies validating the EPDS in antepartum and postpartum. Acta Psychiatr Scand 119:350–364
Eberhard-Gran M, Eskild A, Tambs K, Opjordsmoen S, Samuelson SO (2001) Review of validation studies of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. Acta Psychiatr Scand 104:243–249
Bunevicius A, Kusminskas L, Pop VJ, Pedersen CA, Bunevicius R (2009) Screening for antenatal depression with the Edinburgh Depression Scale. J Psychosom Obstet Gynaecol 30:238–243
Murray D, Cox JL (1990) Screening for depression during pregnancy with the Edinburgh Depression Scale (EPDS). J Reprod Infant Psychol 8:99–107
Matthey S, Henshaw C, Elliott S, Barnett B (2006) Variability in use of cut-off scores and formats on the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale—implications for clinical and research practice. Arch Womens Ment Health 9:309–315
Benvenuti P, Ferrara M, Niccolai C, Valoriali V, Cox JL (1999) The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression scale: validation for an Italian sample. J Affect Disord 53:137–141
Rich-Edwards JW, Kleinman K, Abrams A, Harlow BL, McLaughlin TJ, Joffe H, Gillman MW (2006) Sociodemographic predictors of antenatal and postpartum depressive symptoms among women in a medical group practice. J Epidemiol Community Health 60:221–227
Kessler RC, Aguilar-Gaxiola S, Alonso J, Chatterji S, Lee S, Ormel J, Ustün TB, Wang PS (2009) The global burden of mental disorders: an update from the WHO World Mental Health (WMH) surveys. Epidemiologia Psichiatria Sociale 18:23–33
Üstün T, Sartorius N (1995) Mental Illness in General Health Care. John Wiley and Sons, New York
Simon GE, Goldberg DP, Von Korff M, Üstün TB (2002) Understanding cross-national differences in depression prevalence. Psychol Med 32:585–594
Bolton HL, Hughes PM, Turton P, Sedgwick P (1998) Incidence and demographic correlates of depressive symptoms during pregnancy in an inner London population. J Psychosom Obstet Gynaecol 19:202–209
Koleva H, Stuart S, O’Hara MW, Bowman-Reif J (2011) Risk factors for depressive symptoms during pregnancy. Arch Womens Ment Health 14:99–105
Heron J, O’Connor TG, Evans J, Golding J, Glover V, ALSPAC Study Team (2004) The course of anxiety and depression through pregnancy and the postpartum in a community sample. J Affect Disord 80:65–73
Coleman VH, Carter MM, Morgan MA, Schulkin J (2008) United States obstetrician-gynecologists’ accuracy in the simulation of diagnosing anxiety disorders and depression during pregnancy. J Psychosom Obstet Gynaecol 29:173–184
Rowe HJ, Fisher JRW, Loh WM (2008) The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale detects but does not distinguish anxiety disorders from depression in mothers of infants. Arch Womens Ment Health 11:103–108
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Matteo, B., Miriam, I., Giulia, B. et al. Determinants of ante-partum depression: a multicenter study. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 47, 1959–1965 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-012-0511-z
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-012-0511-z