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Early pyrite and late telluride mineralization in vanadium-rich gold ore from the Oroya Shoot, Paringa South mine, Golden Mile, Kalgoorlie: 3. Ore mineralogy, Pb-Te (Au-Ag) melt inclusions, and stable isotope constraints on fluid sources

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Abstract

The Oroya Shoot (> 62 t Au) in the giant Golden Mile deposit, Yilgarn Craton, Western Australia is controlled by reverse faults, which offset altered quartz diorite porphyry but are crosscut by a late-mineralization kersantite dyke (> 2642 ± 6 Ma). Oroya stage 1 ore (12–14 g/t Au) is characterized by chert-like quartz, Fe-chlorite, siderite and pyrite (10–20 vol%), minor arsenopyrite, chalcopyrite and sphalerite, and accessory pyrrhotite, gersdorffite, and melonite. Dendritic pyrite and arsenopyrite-chlorite thermometry indicate rapid precipitation from an H2S-dominant fluid of intermediate sulfidation and low oxidation state cooling from 450–400 to 340 °C. Oroya stage 2 ore (120–600 g/t Au) forms veins and breccia filled or cemented by quartz, muscovite (≤ 13.2 wt% V2O3), ankerite, chlorite, and tourmaline (≤ 14.7 wt% V2O3). The assemblage pyrite-arsenopyrite-chalcopyrite brackets telluride deposition. Bornite-chalcopyrite aggregates, sphalerite, and tetrahedrite are associated with native gold, montbrayite, altaite, calaverite, petzite, tellurantimony, coloradoite, and melonite. Myrmekitic altaite-tellurium ± sylvanite and altaite-krennerite symplectites represent melt droplets deposited at > 400 °C and log fTe2 = − 4 bar (400 °C, 200 MPa). Tellurium fugacity declined as the fluid cooled during the deposition of native gold and free telluride grains terminating in melonite replacement at 340–300 °C. Pyrite-nolanite- and pyrite-magnetite-telluride assemblages suggest oxidation states up to 2 log units higher than during stage 1. After telluride deposition, the fluid evolved to a high sulfidation state (log fS2 = − 5 bar at 300 °C) and increased salinity indicated by digenite-covellite and Cl-bearing altaite. The average ore is enriched in lithophile (K, Rb, Cs), siderophile (Fe, V, Ni, W), and chalcophile elements (e.g., Te, Se, Cu, Zn, Pb) implicating local monzodiorite plutons as the fluid source. Stable isotope data from the Oroya kersantite and from Cu-Au skarn and monzodiorite-granodiorite stocks southeast of Kalgoorlie constrain the composition of the magmatic fluid to δ13CPDB = − 3.0 to − 2.2‰ and δ18OSMOW = 8.3 to 9.7‰. In the Golden Mile, the fluid oxygen isotope ratios of the gold ore bodies (8.2 to 9.8‰) are consistent with I-type magmatic water. The fluid carbon isotope ratios of all altered rocks (δ13CPDB = − 1.7 to − 0.5‰) are 13C-enriched, perhaps due to the reduction of fluid CO2 to CH4 by interaction with ferrous greenstones close to the intrusion.

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Acknowledgments

The senior author acknowledges the assistance of Ray Chang with XRD and XRF analyses and of Neal McNaughton and Marion Dahl/Marshall with the stable isotope analyses during his Ph.D. study at the University of Western Australia. Discussions with Adrian Lungan and his permission to publish his photograph of Green Leader ore are appreciated. Janet Muhling acknowledges support from the Centre for Microscopy, Characterization and Analysis (CMCA) at the University of Western Australia. Greg Hall and Patrick Verbeek, former Gold Resources Pty Ltd., encouraged mapping in the Paringa South underground mine before closure in 1987. Constructive reviews by David Cooke and Gawen Jenkins helped to improve data presentation and discussion.

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  1. Centre for Exploration Targeting, School of Earth and Environment, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Perth, W.A., 6000, Australia

    Andreas G. Mueller

  2. School of Earth Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Perth, W.A., 6000, Australia

    Janet R. Muhling

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Mueller, A.G., Muhling, J.R. Early pyrite and late telluride mineralization in vanadium-rich gold ore from the Oroya Shoot, Paringa South mine, Golden Mile, Kalgoorlie: 3. Ore mineralogy, Pb-Te (Au-Ag) melt inclusions, and stable isotope constraints on fluid sources. Miner Deposita 55, 733–766 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00126-019-00876-6

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