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Geology, alteration, and lithogeochemistry of the Hood volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS) deposits, Nunavut, Canada

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Abstract

The Hood volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS) deposits are hosted by the ~2.68 Ga Amooga Booga volcanic belt (ABVB) in the northwestern Archaen Slave Craton and consist of three deposits (Hood 10, 41, and 41A) and three occurrences (46, 461, and 462). The mineralized zones consist of massive to semi-massive pyrrhotite, pyrite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite, and galena hosted predominantly by felsic volcanic flows within the predominantly mafic ABVB. The mineralized lenses occur at different stratigraphic levels and have textural, alteration, and stratigraphic features consistent with formation via subseafloor replacement. The felsic volcanic rocks in the Hood deposits can be subdivided into groups based on immobile trace element geochemistry. The main felsic types (A and B) are petrographically indistinguishable. Type A has higher high field strength element (HSFE) and rare earth element (REE) contents than type B, suggesting a higher temperature of formation. Type A rocks also have higher Nb/Ta values indicative of a greater mantle input in their genesis compared to type B rocks. Mineralization is more closely associated with type A than type B rocks. The two mafic volcanic rock types previously identified in the ABVB, type I and type II, both occur within the Hood deposits. The type II mafic group is interpreted to be the result of variable crustal contamination of type I magma. The volcanic rocks of the ABVB are interpreted to have formed in a continental margin arc/back-arc setting. The genesis of these magmatic suites involved magmatic underplating and emplacement through pre-existing sialic basement that resulted in crustal melting, mantle-crust mixing, and contamination leading to the aforementioned geochemical features in both mafic and felsic suites. This type of extensional tectonic environment was likely associated with high heat flow and is similar to global VMS environments proximal to extending continental margins (e.g., Sturgeon Lake, Bathurst, and Finlayson Lake). The similarities of the ABVB to other Slave Craton greenstone belts further highlights the overall potential for greenstone-hosted VMS mineralization in the Slave Craton. Chlorite-sericite (+/− quartz) is the dominant hydrothermal alteration assemblage in the Hood deposits and is typical of VMS-style mineralization. Mass change calculations illustrate that elemental changes are typical of VMS environments with gains in Fe2O3, MgO, and base metals associated with chlorite alteration near mineralized zones; K2O gains associated with sericite alteration; and losses of Na2O in both alteration types.

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Acknowledgments

This article is based on the senior author’s M.Sc. thesis at Memorial University of Newfoundland. HM would like to thank MMG Resources Inc. for funding and providing logistical support for this project. Support for this project was also provided by an NSERC Canada Graduate Scholarship, a Society of Economic Geologist Student Fellowship, Memorial University of Newfoundland, an NSERC Discovery Grant (Piercey), and the NSERC-Altius Industrial Research Chair in Mineral Deposits supported by NSERC, Altius Resources Inc., and the Research and Development Corporation of Newfoundland and Labrador. Constructive comments from an anonymous reviewer, Luke Ootes and Associate Editor Karen Kelley improved the quality of the manuscript and we thank them for their contributions.

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  1. Department of Earth Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 300 Prince Philip Drive, St. John’s, NL, A1B 3X5, Canada

    Hannah K. Mills & Stephen J. Piercey

  2. MMG Resources Inc., Vancouver, Canada

    Trish Toole

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  1. Hannah K. Mills
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Editorial handling: K. Kelley and G. Beaudoin

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Fig. 1

Hood deposits drill logs recording lithology and alteration. (PDF 5613 kb)

Table 1

Lithogeochemistry of Hood rock samples. (PDF 670 kb)

Table 2

Mass change of major and selected minor elements for the Hood deposits samples calculated using the MacLean (1990) multiple precursor method. (PDF 279 kb)

Table 3

Best fit mass change equations calculated for “least altered” samples. (PDF 48 kb)

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Mills, H.K., Piercey, S.J. & Toole, T. Geology, alteration, and lithogeochemistry of the Hood volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS) deposits, Nunavut, Canada. Miner Deposita 51, 533–556 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00126-015-0612-1

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