Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Anhydrite pseudomorphs and the origin of stratiform Cu–Co ores in the Katangan Copperbelt (Democratic Republic of Congo)

  • Letter
  • Published:
Mineralium Deposita Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The stratiform Cu–Co ore mineralisation in the Katangan Copperbelt consists of dispersed sulphides and sulphides in nodules and lenses, which are often pseudomorphs after evaporites. Two types of pseudomorphs can be distinguished in the nodules and lenses. In type 1 examples, dolomite precipitated first and was subsequently replaced by Cu–Co sulphides and authigenic quartz, whereas in type 2 examples, authigenic quartz and Cu–Co sulphides precipitated prior to dolomite and are coarse-grained. The sulphur isotopic composition of the copper–cobalt sulphides in the type 1 pseudomorphs is between −10.3 and 3.1‰ relative to the Vienna Canyon Diablo Troilite, indicating that the sulphide component was derived from bacterial sulphate reduction (BSR). The generation of \({\text{HCO}}_3^ - \) during this process caused the precipitation and replacement of anhydrite by dolomite. A second product of BSR is the generation of H2S, resulting in the precipitation of Cu–Co sulphides from the mineralising fluids. Initial sulphide precipitation occurred along the rim of the pseudomorphs and continued towards the core. Precipitation of authigenic quartz was most likely induced by a pH decrease during sulphide precipitation. Fluid inclusion data from quartz indicate the presence of a high-salinity (8–18 eq. wt.% NaCl) fluid, possibly derived from evaporated seawater which migrated through the deep subsurface. 87Sr/86Sr ratios of dolomite in type 1 nodules range between 0.71012 and 0.73576, significantly more radiogenic than the strontium isotopic composition of Neoproterozoic marine carbonates (87Sr/86Sr = 0.7056–0.7087). This suggests intense interaction with siliciclastic sedimentary rocks and/or the granitic basement. The low carbon isotopic composition of the dolomite in the pseudomorphs (−7.02 and −9.93‰ relative to the Vienna Pee Dee Belemnite, V-PDB) compared to the host rock dolomite (−4.90 and +1.31‰ V-PDB) resulted from the oxidation of organic matter during BSR.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Allsopp HL, Ferguson J (1970) Measurements relating to the genesis of the Tsumeb pipe, South West Africa. Earth Planet Sci Lett 9:448–445

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Alonso-Zara AM, Sánchez-Moya Y, Sopeña A, Delgado A (2002) Silicification and dolomitisation of anhydrite nodules in argillaceous terrestrial deposits: an example of meteoric-dominated diagenesis from the Triassic of Central Spain. Sedimentology 49:303–317

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson IK, Ashton JH, Boyce AJ, Fallick AE, Russell MJ (1998) Ore depositional processes in the Navan Zn–Pb deposit, Ireland. Econ Geol 93:535–563

    Google Scholar 

  • Annels AE (1974) Some aspects of the stratiform ore deposits of the Zambian Copperbelt and their genetic significance. Centenaire Soc Geol Belg 102:431–449

    Google Scholar 

  • Annels AE (1989) Ore genesis in the Zambian Copperbelt with particular reference to the northern sector of the Chambishi Basin. In: Boyle RW, Brown AC, Jefferson CW, Jowett EC, Kirkham RV (eds) Sediment-hosted stratiform copper deposits. Geological Association of Canada, Special Paper 36:427–452

  • Armstrong RA, Master S, Robb LJ (2005) Geochronology of the Nchanga Granite, and constraints on the maximum age of the Katanga Supergroup, Zambian Copperbelt. J Afr Earth Sci 42:32–40

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Banks DA, Boyce AJ, Samson IM (2002) Constraints on the origins of fluids forming Irish Zn–Pb–Ba deposits: evidence from the composition of fluid inclusions. Econ Geol 97:471–480

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bartholomé P (1974) On the diagenetic formation of ores in sedimentary beds, with special reference to Kamoto, Shaba, Zaïre. In: Bartholomé P (ed) Gisements stratiformes et provinces cuprifère. Centenaire de la Sociéte Géologique de Belgique, Liège, pp 203–214

    Google Scholar 

  • Bartholomé P, Evrard P, Katekesha F, Lopez-Ruiz J, Ngongo M (1972) Diagenetic ore-forming processes at Kamoto, Katanga, Republic of the Congo. In: Amstutz GC, Bernard AJ (eds) Ores in sediments. Springer, Berlin, pp 21–41

    Google Scholar 

  • Batumike MJ, Cailteux JLH, Kampunzu AB (2007) Lithostratigraphy, basin development, base metal deposits, and regional correlations of the Neoproterozoic Nguba and Kundelungu rock succession, central African Copperbelt. Gondwana Res 11:432–447

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Birck L (1986) Precision K–Rb–Sr isotopic analysis: application to Rb–Sr chronology. Chem Geol 56:73–83

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brems D (2007) Petrografische, mineralogische en geochemische studie van de Nkana Cu–Co afzetting, Zambia. Unpublished licentiate thesis, K.U.Leuven

  • Brown AC (2005) Refinements for footwall red-bed diagenesis in the sediment-hosted stratiform copper deposits model. Econ Geol 100:765–771

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brown AC, Chartrand FM (1983) Stratiform copper deposits and interactions with co-existing atmospheres, hydrospheres, biospheres and lithospheres. Precambrian Res 20:533–542

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cailteux J (1973) Minerais cuprifères et roches encaissantes à Musoshi, province du Shaba, République du Zaïre. Ann Soc Geol Belg 96:495–521

    Google Scholar 

  • Cailteux J (1978a) Particularités stratigraphiques et pétrographiques du faisceau inférieur du Groupe des mines au centre de l’arc cuprifère shabien. Ann Soc Geol Belg 100:55–71

    Google Scholar 

  • Cailteux J (1978b) La succession stratigraphique du C.M.N. (ou R 2.3) au centre de la sous province cuprifère shabienne. Ann Soc Geol Belg 100:73–85

    Google Scholar 

  • Cailteux J (1994) Lithostratigraphy of the Neoproterozoic Shaba-type (Zaire) Roan Supergroup and metallogenesis of associated stratiform mineralization. J Afr Earth Sci 19:279–301

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cailteux J (1997) Minéralisation à U–Pb–Se–Mo–Ni dans le gisements stratiforme cupro-cobaltifère de Kambove-Ouest (Shaba, Rép. Zaïre). In: Charlet J-M (ed) International Cornet Symposium ‘Strata-bound Copper Deposits and Associated Mineralizations’. Faculté Polytechnique de Mons and Royal Academy of Overseas Sciences, Liège, pp 245–286

    Google Scholar 

  • Cailteux J, Kampunzu AB (2003) Third workshop of IGCP 450: Proterozoic sediment-hosted base metal deposits of Western Gondwana. Episodes 23:209–213

    Google Scholar 

  • Cailteux J, Binda PL, Katekesha WM, Kampunzu AB, Intiomale MM, Kapenda D, Kaunda C, Ngongo K, Tshiauka T, Wendorff M (1994) Lithostratigraphical correlation of the Neoproterozoic Roan Supergroup from Shaba (Zaire) and Zambia, in the central African copper–cobalt metallogenic province. In: Kampunzu AB, Lubala RT (eds) Neoproterozoic belts of Zambia, Zaire and Namibia. Journal of African Earth Sciences 19:265–278

  • Cailteux JLH, Kaputo AK, Kampunzu AB (2003) Structure, lithostratigraphy and Cu–Co mineralization of the Mines Subgroup at Luiswishi, central Africa Copperbelt. In: Cailteux J (ed) Proterozoic sediment-hosted base metal deposits of Western Gondwana, Lubumbashi, pp 103–107

  • Cailteux JLH, Kampunzu AB, Lerouge C, Kaputo AK, Milesi JP (2005) Genesis of sediment-hosted stratiform copper–cobalt deposits, central African Copperbelt. J Afr Earth Sci 42:134–158

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cailteux JLH, Kampunzu AB, Lerouge C (2007) The Neoproterozoic Mwashya–Kansuki sedimentary rock succession in the central African Copperbelt, its Cu–Co mineralization, and regional correlations. Gondwana Res 11:414–431

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Claypool GE, Holser WT, Kaplan IR, Sakai H, Zak I (1980) The age curves of sulphur and oxygen isotopes in marine sulphate and their mutual interpretation. Chem Geol 28:199–260

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Craig JR, Vaughan DJ, Higgins JB (1979) Phase relations in the Cu–Co–S system and mineral associations of the carrolite (CuCo2S4)–linnaeite (Co3S4) series. Econ Geol 74:657–671

    Google Scholar 

  • Daly MC, Chakroborty SK, Kasolo P, Musiwa M, Mumba P, Naidu B, Namateba C, Ngambi O, Coward MP (1984) The Lufilian arc and Irumide belt of Zambia: results of a geotraverse across their intersection. J Afr Earth Sci 2:311–316

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dechow E, Jensen ML (1965) Sulphur isotopes of some Central African sulphide deposits. Econ Geol 60:894–941

    Google Scholar 

  • Deniel C, Pin C (2001) Single-stage method for the simultaneous isolation of lead and strontium from silicate samples for isotopic measurements. Anal Chim Acta 426:95–103

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dewaele S, Muchez Ph, Vets J, Fernandez-Alonzo M, Tack L (2006) Multiphase origin of the Cu–Co ore deposits in the western part of the Lufilian fold-and-thrust belt, Katanga (Democratic Republic of Congo). J Afr Earth Sci 46:455–469

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • El Desouky HA, Muchez Ph, Dewaele S, Boutwood A, Tyler R (2007a) The stratiform copper mineralization of the Lufukwe anticline, Lufilian foreland, Democratic Republic Congo. Geol Belg 10:148–151

    Google Scholar 

  • El Desouky H, Haest M, Muchez Ph, Dewaele S, Cailteux J, Heijlen W (2007b) Fluid evolution in the Katanga Copperbelt, DRC. In: Andrew CJ et al (ed) Digging deeper. Proceedings of the 9th SGA meeting, Dublin 2007 (Ireland). Irish Association for Economic Geology, Dublin, pp 213–216

    Google Scholar 

  • Everett CE, Wilkinson JJ, Rye DM (1999) Fracture-controlled fluid flow in the Lower Palaeozoic basement rocks of Ireland: implications for the genesis of Irish-type Zn–Pb deposits. In: McCaffrey KJW, Lonergan L, Wilkinson JJ (eds) Fractures, fluid flow and mineralization special publication 155. Geological Society, London, pp 247–276

    Google Scholar 

  • Fallick A, McConville P, Boyce AJ, Burgess R, Kelley SP (1992) Laser microprobe stable isotope measurements on geological materials: some experimental considerations (with special reference to d34S in sulphides). Chem Geol 101:53–61

    Google Scholar 

  • Fallick AE, Ashton JH, Boyce AJ, Ellam RM, Russell MJ (2001) Bacteria were responsible for the magnitude of the world-class hydrothermal base metal sulphide orebody at Navan, Ireland. Econ Geol 96:885–890

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • François A (1974) Stratigraphie, tectonique et minéralisation dans l’arc cuprifère du Shaba. Centenaire de la Société Géologiques de Belgique. Gisements stratiformes et provinces cuprifères. Liège, 79–101

  • Friedman GM (1965) Terminology of crystallization textures in sedimentary rocks. J Sediment Petrol 35:643–655

    Google Scholar 

  • Garven G (1995) Continental-scale groundwater flow and geological processes. Annu Rev Earth Planet Sci 23:89–117

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gleeson SA, Yardley BWD (2003) Surface-derived fluids in basement rocks: inferences from palaeo-hydrothermal systems. J Geochem Explor 78–79:61–65

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grandia F, Cardellach E, Canals A, Banks DA (2003) Geochemistry of the fluids related to epigenetic carbonate-hosted Zn–Pb deposits in the Maestrat Basin, eastern Spain: fluid inclusion and isotope (Cl, C, O, S, Sr) evidence. Econ Geol 98:933–954

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Heijlen W, Muchez Ph, Banks DA, Schneider J, Kucha A, Keppens E (2003) Carbonate-hosted Zn–Pb deposits in Upper Silesia, Poland: origin and evolution of mineralizing fluids and constraints on genetic models. Econ Geol 98:911–932

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hesse R (1988) Origin of chert: diagenesis of biogenic siliceous sediments. Geosci Canada 15:171–192

    Google Scholar 

  • Hesse R (1989) Silica diagenesis: origin of inorganic and replacement cherts. Earth-Sci Rev 26:253–284

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hitzman M, Kirkham R, Broughton D, Thorson J, Selley D (2005) The sediment-hosted stratiform copper ore system. Econ Geol 100th Anniversary Volume. Society of Economic Geology, Tulsa, pp 609–642

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoy LD, Ohmoto H (1989) Constraints for the genesis of redbed-associated stratiform Cu deposits from sulphur and carbon mass-balance relations. In: Boyle RW, Brown AC, Jefferson CW, Jowett EC, Kirkham RV (eds) Sediment-hosted Stratiform Copper Deposits. Geological Association of Canada, Special Paper 36:135–149

  • Irwin H, Curtis C, Coleman M (1977) Isotopic evidence for source of diagenetic carbonates formed during burial of organic-rich sediments. Nature 269:209–213

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jacobsen SB, Kaufman AJ (1999) The Sr, C and O isotopic evolution of Neoproterozoic seawater. Chem Geol 161:37–57

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kampunzu AB, Cailteux JLH (1999) Tectonic evolution of the Lufilian Arc (Central Africa Copper Belt) during Neoproterozoic pan African orogenesis. Gondwana Res 2:401–421

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kampunzu AB, Tembo F, Mathies G, Kapenda D, Huntsman-Mapila P (2000) Geochemistry and tectonic setting of mafic igneous units in the Neoproterozoic Katangan basin, central Africa: implications for Rodinia break up. Gondwana Res 3:125–153

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kelley SP, Fallick AE (1990) A high precision spatially resolved analysis of d34S in sulphides using a laser extraction technique. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 54:883–888

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Key RM, Liyungu AK, Njamu FM, Somwe V, Banda J, Mosley PN, Armstrong RA (2001) The western arm of the Lufilian Arc in NW Zambia and its potential for copper mineralization. J Afr Earth Sci 33:503–528

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Land LS (1980) The isotopic and trace element geochemistry of dolomite: the state of the art. In: Zenger DH, Dunham JB, Ethington RL (eds) Concepts and models of dolomitisation. The Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists Special Publication 28:87–110

  • Lefebvre J-J (1978) Le Groupe de Mwashya, mégacyclthème terminal du Roan (Shaba, Zaïre Sudoriental). I—Approche lithostratigraphique et étude de l’environnement sédimentaire. Ann Soc Geol Belg 101:209–225

    Google Scholar 

  • Lefebvre J-J (1989) Depositional environment of copper–cobalt mineralization in the Katangan sediments of southeast Shaba, Zaïre. In: Boyle RW, Brown AC, Jefferson CW, Jowett EC, Kirkham RV (eds) Sediment-hosted stratiform copper deposits. Geological Association of Canada, Special Paper 36:401–426

  • Lerouge C, Cailteux J, Kampunzu AB, Milesi JP, Fléhoc C (2005) Sulphur isotope constraints on formation conditions of the Luiswishi ore deposit, Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). J Afr Earth Sci 42:173–182

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lindsay JF, Kruse PD, Green OR, Hawkins E, Brasier MD, Cartlidge J, Corfield RM (2005) The Neoproterozoic–Cambrian record in Australia: a stable isotope study. Precambrian Res 143:113–133

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Machel HG (1987) Some aspects of diagenetic sulphate–hydrocarbon redox-reactions. In: Marshall JD (ed) Diagenesis of sedimentary sequences. Geological Society Special Publication 36:15–28

  • Machel HG (2001) Bacterial and thermochemical sulfate reduction in diagenetic settings—old and new insights. Sediment Geol 140:143–175

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Machel HG, Krouse HR, Sassen R (1995) Products and distinguishing criteria of bacterial and thermochemical sulfate reduction. Appl Geochem 10:373–389

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Machel HG, Foght J (2000) Products and depth limits of microbial activity in petroliferous subsurface settings. In: Riding RE, Awramik SM (eds) Microbial sediments. Springer, Berlin, pp 105–120

    Google Scholar 

  • Master S, Rainaud C, Armstrong RA, Phillips D, Robb LJ (2005) Provenance ages of the Neoproterozoic Katanga Supergroup (Central African Copperbelt), with implications for basin evolution. J Afr Earth Sci 42:41–60

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McGowan RR, Roberts S, Foster RP, Boyce AJ, Coller D (2003) Origin of the copper–cobalt deposits of the Zambian Copperbelt: an epigenetic view from Nchanga. Geology 31:497–500

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McGowan RR, Roberts S, Boyce AJ (2006) Origin of the Nchanga copper–cobalt deposits of the Zambian Copperbelt. Miner Depos 40:617–638

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Muchez Ph, Heijlen W, Banks D, Blundell D, Boni M, Grandia F (2005) Extensional tectonics and the timing and formation of basin-hosted deposits in Europe. Ore Geol Rev 27:241–267

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Muchez Ph, Brems D, El Desouky H, Haest M, Vanderhaeghen P, Dewaele S, Heijlen W, Mukumba W (2007) Base metal ore deposit evolution and geodynamics in the Central African Coppernelt. In: Andrew CJ et al (ed) Digging deeper. Proceedings of the 9th SGA meeting, Dublin 2007 (Ireland). Irish Association for Economic Geology, Dublin, pp 209–212

    Google Scholar 

  • Ngoyi K, Liégeois J-P, Demaiffe D, Dumont P (1991) Age tardi-ubendien (Protérozoïque inférieur) des dômes granitiques de l’arc cuprifère zaïro-zambien. C R Acad Sci Paris 313:83–89

    Google Scholar 

  • Nielsen P, Swennen R, Keppens E (1994) Multiple-step recrystallization within massive ancient dolomite units: an example from the Dinantian of Belgium. Sedimentology 41:567–584

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ohmoto H (1986) Stable isotope geochemistry of ore deposits. In: Valley JW, Taylo HP, O’Neil JR (eds) Stable isotopes in high temperature geological processes. Reviews in Mineralogy 16, Mineralogical Society of America, pp 491–559

  • Okitaudji LR (1992) Interprétation sédimentologique du Roan (Précambrien supérieur) du Shaba (Zaïre) et place des minéralisations cupro-cobaltifères. J Afr Earth Sci 14:371–386

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • O’Neil JR, Clayton RN, Mayeda TK (1969) Oxygen isotope fractionation in divalent metal carbonates. J Chem Phys 51:5547–5558

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sassen R, Chinn EW, McCabe C (1988) Recent hydrocarbon alteration, sulphate reduction and formation of elemental sulfur and metal sulfides in salt dome cap rock. Chem Geol 74:57–66

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Selley D, Broughton D, Scott R, Hitzman M, Bull S, Large R, McGoldrick P, Croaker M, Pollington N, Barra F (2005) A new look at the geology of the Zambian Copperbelt. Economic Geology 100th Anniversary Volume. Society of Economic Geology, Tulsa, pp 965–1000

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith TM, Dorobek SL (1993) Alteration of early-formed dolomite during shallow to deep burial: Mississippian Mission Canyon Formation, central to southwestern Montana. Geol Soc Am Bull 105:1389–1399

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sweeney MA, Binda PL (1989) The role of diagenesis in the formation of the Konkola Cu–Co orebody of the Zambian Copperbelt. In: Boyle RW, Brown AC, Jefferson CW, Jowett EC, Kirkham RV (eds) Sediment-hosted stratiform copper deposits. Geological Association of Canada, Special Paper, 36, pp 499–518

  • Sweeney MA, Turner P, Vaughan DJ (1986) Stable isotope and geochemical studies of the role of early diagenesis in ore formation, Konkola basin, Zambian Copperbelt. Econ Geol 91:1838–1852

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ulmer-Scholle DS, Scholle PA, Brady PV (1993) Silicification of evaporates in Permian (Guadalupian) back-reef carbonates of the Delaware Basin, West Texas and New Mexico. J Sediment Petrol 63:955–965

    Google Scholar 

  • Veizer J, Hoefs J (1976) The nature of 18O/16O and 13C/12C secular trends in sedimentary carbonate rocks. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 40:1387–1395

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Viets DL, Hofstra AF, Emsbo P (1996) Solute compositions of fluid inclusions in sphalerite from North America and European Mississippi Valley-type ore deposits: ore fluids derived from evaporated seawater. In: Sangster DF (ed) Carbonate-hosted lead–zinc deposits. Society of Economic Geologists Special Publication 4, pp 465–482

  • Wachter E, Hayes JM (1985) Exchange of oxygen isotopes in carbon-dioxide–phosphoric acid systems. Chem Geol 52:365–374

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams LA, Crerar DA (1985) Silica diagenesis. II. General mechanisms. J Sediment Petrol 55:312–321

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

We are grateful to Steve Roberts and Robert Moritz for their constructive reviews and thoughtful suggestions and to Bernd Lehmann for editing this paper. We would like to thank E. Pirard (Université de Liège) for the permission to study borehole 120 from Kamoto. We are grateful to Dr. M. Joachimski of the University of Erlangen for the stable isotope analysis. We thank Herman Nijs for the careful preparation of the numerous thin and polished sections.

This research is financially supported by the research grants G.0585.06 and G.0414.08 of the FWO-Vlaanderen.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Geodynamics & Geofluids Research Group, Afdeling Geologie, K.U.Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200E, 3001, Leuven, Belgium

    Ph. Muchez, P. Vanderhaeghen, H. El Desouky & J. Schneider

  2. Centre for Archaeological Sciences, K.U.Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200E, 3001, Leuven, Belgium

    J. Schneider

  3. Isotope Geoscience Unit, SUERC, Rankine Avenue, East Kilbride, Glasgow, G75 0QF, UK

    A. Boyce

  4. Department of Geology and Mineralogy, Royal Museum for Central Africa (RMCA), Leuvensesteenweg 13, 3080, Tervuren, Belgium

    S. Dewaele

  5. Département Recherche et Développement, EGMF, Groupe G. Forrest International, Lubumbashi, Democratic Republic of Congo

    J. Cailteux

Authors
  1. Ph. Muchez
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. P. Vanderhaeghen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. H. El Desouky
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. J. Schneider
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. A. Boyce
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. S. Dewaele
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. J. Cailteux
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Ph. Muchez.

Additional information

Editorial handling: R. Moritz

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Muchez, P., Vanderhaeghen, P., El Desouky, H. et al. Anhydrite pseudomorphs and the origin of stratiform Cu–Co ores in the Katangan Copperbelt (Democratic Republic of Congo). Miner Deposita 43, 575–589 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00126-008-0183-5

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00126-008-0183-5

Keywords

Search

Navigation