Literatur
Abrams P, Schafer W, Tammela TL et al (1999) Improvement of pressure flow parameters with finasteride is greater in men with large prostates. Finasteride Urodynamics Study Group. J Urol 161:1513–1517
Abrams P, Kaplan SA, De Koning Gans HJ et al (2006) Safety and tolerability of tolterodine for the treatment of overactive bladder in men with bladder outlet obstruction. J Urol 175:999–1004
Abrams P, D’Ancona LC, Griffith D et al (2006) Lower Urinary Tract Symptom: etiology, patient assessment and predicting outcome from therapy. In: McConnell J, Abrams P, Denis L (eds) Male lower urinary tract dysfunktion evaluation and management. 6th International Consultation on New Developments in Prostate Cancer and Prostate Diseases, Paris, pp 69–142
Adam C, Hofstetter A, Deubner J et al (2004) Retropubic transvesical prostatectomy for significant prostatic enlargement must remain a standard part of urology training. Scand J Urol Nephrol 38:472–476
Ahmed M, Bell T, Lawrence WT et al (1997) Transurethral microwave thermotherapy (Prostatron version 2.5) compared with transurethral resection of the prostate for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia: a randomized, controlled, parallel study. Br J Urol 79:181–185
Akaza H, Andersson KE, Barry M et al (2006) Evaluation and treatment of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) in older Men. In: McConnell J, Abrams P, Khoury S, Roehrborn C (eds) The 6th International Consultation on New Developments in Prostate Cancer and Prostate Diseases, Paris, pp 387
Alschibaja M, May F, Treiber U et al (2005) Transurethral resection for benign prostatic hyperplasia. current developments. Urologe A 44:499–504
Andersen JT, Wolf H, Ekman P et al (1996) Finasteride in symtomatic benign prostatic hypertrophy. A 2-year placebo-controlled study. Ugeskr Laeger 158:5030–5035
Andriole G, Bostwick D, Civantos F et al (2005) The effects of 5alpha-reductase inhibitors on the natural history, detection and grading of prostate cancer: current state of knowledge. J Urol 174:2098–2104
Andriole GL, Guess HA, Epstein JI et al (1998) Treatment with finasteride preserves usefulness of prostate-specific antigen in the detection of prostate cancer: results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. PLESS Study Group. Proscar Long-term Efficacy and Safety Study. Urology 52:192–201
Andriole GL, Kirby R (2003) Safety and tolerability of the dual 5alpha-reductase inhibitor dutasteride in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia. Eur Urol 44:82–88
Andriole GL, Humphrey P, Ray P et al (2004) Effect of the dual 5alpha-reductase inhibitor dutasteride on markers of tumor regression in prostate cancer. J Urol 172:915–919
Andriole GL, Roehrborn C, Schulman C et al (2004) Effect of dutasteride on the detection of prostate cancer in men with benign prostatic hyperplasia. Urology 64:533–542
Andriole GL, Marberger M, Roehrborn CG (2006) Clinical usefulness of serum prostate specific antigen for the detection of prostate cancer is preserved in men receiving the dual 5alpha-reductase inhibitor dutasteride. J Urol 175:1657–1662
Arai Y, Ishitoya S, Okubo K et al (1996) Interstitial laser coagulation for benign prostatic hyperplasia: 1-year follow-up and analysis of patient profile linked to clinical response. J Urol 155:319
Arai Y, Ishitoya S, Okubo K et al (1996) Transurethral interstitial laser coagulation for benign prostatic hyperplasia: treatment outcome and quality of life. Br J Urol 77:93–98
Armitage JN, Rashidian A, Cathcart PJ et al (2006) The thermo-expandable metallic stent for managing benign prostatic hyperplasia: a systematic review. BJU Int 98:806–810
Armitage JN, Cathcart PJ, Rashidian A et al (2007) Epithelializing stent for benign prostatic hyperplasia: a systematic review of the literature. J Urol 177:1619–1624
Athanasopoulos A, Gyftopoulos K, Giannitsas K et al (2003) Combination treatment with an α-blocker plus an anticholinergic for bladder outlet obstruction: a prospective, randomized, controlled study. J Urol 169:2253–2256
AUA Practice Guidelines Committee (2003) AUA guideline on management of benign prostatic hyperplasia. Chapter 1: diagnosis and treatment recommendations. J Urol 170:530–547
Bach T, Hermann TR, Ganzer R et al (2007) RevoLix vaporesection of the prostate: Initial results after 54 patients with an one-year follow-up. World J Urol 25:257–262
Bachman A, Schürch L, Ruszat R et al (2005) Photoselective vaporization (PVP) versus transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP): a prospective bi-centre study of perioperative morbidity and early functional outcome. Eur Urol 48:965–972
Bales GT, Christiano AP, Kirsh EJ et al (1999) Phytotherapeutic agents in the treatment of lower urinary tract symptoms: a demographic analysis of awareness and use at the University of Chicago. Urology 54:86–89
Barber NJ, Roodhouse AJ, Rathenborg P et al (2005) Ease of removal of thermo-expandable prostate stents. BJU Int 96:578–580
Barkin J, Guimaraes M, Jacobi G et al (2003) Alpha-blocker therapy can be withdrawn in the majority of men following initial combination therapy with the dual 5α-reductase inhibitor dutasteride. Eur Urol 44:461–466
Barsanti JA, Finco DR, Mahaffey MM et al (2000) Effects of an extract of Serenoa repens on dogs with hyperplasia of the prostate gland. Am J Vet Res 61:880–885
Bartsch G, Dreikom K, Schontoger PS (1998) Combined sabal and urtica extract vs. finasteride in benign prostatic hyperplasia (Alken stages I to II). Comment on the contribution by J. Sokeland and J. Albrecht. Urologe A 37:83–85
Bauer HW, Casarosa C, Cosci M et al (1999) Saw palmetto fruit extract for treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia. Results of a placebo-controlled double-blind study. MMW Fortschr Med 141:62
Bayne CW, Donnelly F, Ross M et al (1999) Serenoa repens (Permixon): a 5alpha-reductase types I and II inhibitor-new evidence in a coculture model of BPH. Prostate 40:232–241
Bent S, Kane C, Shinohara K et al (2006) Saw palmetto for benign prostatic hyperplasia. N Engl J Med 354:557–566
Berges R, Muschter R, Höfner K (2007) Alternative, minimally invasive treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia. Dtsch Arztebl 104:2501–2509
Berges RR, Windeler J, Trampisch HJ et al (1995) Randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical trial of beta-sitosterol in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia. Lancet 345:1529–1532
Berges RR, Kassen A, Senge T (2000) Treatment of symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia with beta-sitosterol: an 18-month follow-up. BJU Int 85:842–846
Boyle P, Gould AL, Roehrborn CG (1996) Prostate volume predicts outcome of treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia with finasteride: meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Urology 48:398–405
Boyle P, Robertson C, Lowe F et al (2000) Meta-analysis of clinical trials of permixon in the treatment of symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia. Urology 55:533–539
Boyle P, Robertson C, Lowe F et al (2004) Updated meta-analysis of clinical trials of Serenoa repens extract in the treatment of symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia. BJU Int 93:751–756
Boyle P, Robertson C, Vaughan D et al (2004) A meta-analysis of trials of transurethral needle ablation for treating symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia. BJU Int 94:83–88
Braun M, Mathers M, Bondarenko B et al (2004) Treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia through transurethral needle ablation (TUNA). Review of the literature and six years of clinical experience. Urol Int 72:32–39
Briganti A, Naspro R, Gallina A et al (2006) Impact on sexual function of holmium laser enucleation versus transurethral resection of the prostate: results of a prospective, 2-center, randomized trial. J Urol 175:1817–1821
Bruskewitz RC, Issa MM, Roehrborn CG et al (1998) A prospective, randomized 1-year clinical trial comparing transurethral needle ablation to transurethral resection of the prostate for the treatment of symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia. J Urol 159:1588–1594
Campo B, Bergamaschi F, Corrada P et al (1997) Transurethral needle ablation (TUNA) of the prostate: a clinical and urodynamic evaluation. Urology 49:847–850
Carlin BI, Bodner DR, Spirnak JP et al (1997) Role of finasteride in the treatment of recurrent hematuria secondary to benign prostatic hyperplasia. Prostate 31:180–182
Chandrasekar P, Kapasi F, Virdi J (2007) Interstitial laser ablation (Indigo) of the prostate; a prospective, randomized study, six year results. J Endourol 21:98
Chang DF, Campbell JR (2005) Intraoperative floppy iris syndrome associated with tamsulosin. J Cataract Refract Surg 31:664–673
Chapple C, Khullar V, Gabriel Z et al (2005) The effects of antimuscarinic treatments in overactive bladder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Urol 48:5–26
Chapple C, Artibani W, Berges R et al (2006) New medical developments in the management of LUTS in adult men. In: McConnell J, Abrams P, Denis L (eds) Male lower urinary tract Dysfunction. Evaluation and Management. 6th International Consultation on New Developments in Prostate Cancer and Prostate Diseases, Health Publications, Paris, pp 143–194
Chiou RK, Binard JE, Ebersole ME et al (1994) Randomized comparison of balloon dilation and transurethral incision for treatment of symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia. J Endourol 8:221–224
Cimentepe E, Unsal A, Saglam R (2003) Randomized clinical trial comparing transurethral needle ablation with transurethral resection of the prostate for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia: results at 18 months. J Endourol 17:103–107
Clark RV, Hermann DJ, Cunningham GR et al (2004) Marked suppression of dihydrotestosterone in men with benign prostatic hyperplasia by dutasteride, a dual 5alpha-reductase inhibitor. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 89:2179–2184
Corica AP, Larson BT, Sagaz A et al (2004) A novel temporary prostatic stent for the relief of prostatic urethral obstruction. BJU Int 93:346–348
D’Ancona FC, Francisca EA, Debruyne FM et al (1997) High-energy transurethral microwave thermotherapy in men with lower urinary tract symptoms. J Endourol 11:285–289
D’Ancona FC, Francisca EA, Witjes WP et al (1997) High energy thermotherapy versus transurethral resection in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia: results of a prospective randomized study with 1 year of followup. J Urol 158:120–125
D’Ancona FC, Albers YH, Kiemeney LA et al (1999) Can histopathology predict treatment outcome following high-energy transurethral microwave thermotherapy of the prostate? Results of a biopsy study. Prostate 40:28–36
D’Ancona FC, Francisca EA, Hendriks JC et al (1999) High energy transurethral thermotherapy in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia: criteria to predict treatment outcome. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2:98–105
D’Ancona FC, Francisca EA, Hendriks JC et al (1999) How to select patients for high-energy transurethral microwave thermotherapy. Urology 53:111–117
D’Ancona FC, van der Bij AK, Francisca EA et al (1999) Results of high-energy transurethral microwave thermotherapy in patients categorized according to the American Society of Anesthesiologists operative risk classification. Urology 53:322–328
Daehlin L, Hedlund H (1999) Interstitial laser coagulation in patients with lower urinary tract symptoms from benign prostatic obstruction: treatment under sedoanalgesia with pressure flow evaluation. BJU Int 84:628–636
Davis SR, Dalais FS, Simpson ER et al (1999) Phytoestrogens in health and disease. Recent Prog Horm Res 54:181–210
De la Rosette JJ, Muschter R, Lopez MA et al (1997) Interstitial laser coagulation in the treatment of benign prostatic hperplasia using a diode-laser system with temperature feedback. Br J Urol 80:433–438
De la Rosette JJ, Francisca EA, Kortmann BB et al (2000) Clinical efficacy of a new 30-min algorithm for transurethral microwave thermotherapy: initial results. BJU Int 86:47–51
De la Rosette JJ, Floratos DL, Severens JL et al (2003) Transurethral resection vs microwave thermotherapy of the prostate: a cost-consequences analysis. BJU Int 92:713–718
De la Rosette JJ, Laguna MP, Gravas S et al (2003) Transurethral microwave thermotherapy: the gold standard for minimally invasive therapies for patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia? J Endourol 17:245–251
De la Rosette JJ, Baba S, Badlani GH et al (2006) New minimally invasive and surgical developments in the management of BPO. In: McConnell J, Abrams P, Denis L (eds) Male lower urinary tract dysfunction. Evaluation and management. 6th International Consultation on New Developments in Prostate Cancer and Prostate Diseases. Paris, pp 195–233
De la Rosette JJMCH, Alivizatos G, Madersbacher S et al (2001) EAU guidelines on benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Updated March 2004. Eur Urol 40:256–263
De Mey C (1998) Cardiovascular effects of alpha-blockers for the treatment of symptomatic BPH. Eur Urol 34:18–28
De Sio M, Autorino R, Quarto G et al (2006) Gyrus bipolar versus standard monopolar transurethral resection of the prostate: a randomized prospective trial. Urology 67:69–72
De Wildt MJ, de la Rosette JJ, Debruyne FM (1994) Retreatment rate after surgical and non-surgical treatments. Prog Clin Biol Res 386:597–613
Debruyne FMJ, AJ, DC et al (1998) Sustained-release alfuzosin, finasteride and the combination of both in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia. European ALFIN Study Group. Eur Urol 34:169–175
Delakas D, Lianos E, Karyotis I et al (2001) Finasteride: a long-term follow-up in the treatment of recurrent hematuria associated with benign prostatic hyperplasia. Urol Int 67:69–72
Di Silverio F, Monti S, Sciarra A et al (1998) Effects of long-term treatment with Serenoa repens (Permixon) on the concentrations and regional distribution of androgens and epidermal growth factor in benign prostatic hyperplasia. Prostate 37:77–83
DiPaola RS, Morton RA (2006) Proven and unproven therapy for benign prostatic hyperplasia. N Engl J Med 354:632–634
Djavan B, Fakhari M, Shariat S et al (1999) A novel intraurethral prostatic bridge catheter for prevention of temporary prostatic obstruction following high energy transurethral microwave thermotherapy in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia. J Urol 161:144–151
Djavan B, Marberger M (1999) A meta-analysis on the efficacy and tolerability of alpha1-adrenoceptor antagonists in patients with lower urinary tract symptoms suggestive of benign prostatic obstruction. Eur Urol 36:1–13
Dmochowski R, Abrams P, Marschall-Kehrel D et al (2007) Efficacy and tolerability of tolterodin extended release in male and female patients with overactive bladder. Eur Urol 51:1054–1064
Dreikorn K (2003) Phytotherapie beim Benignen Prostata-Syndrom (BPS): Mehr als nur Placebo? J Urol Urogynäkol 6:11–15
Dreikorn K (2005) Complementary and alternative medicine in urology. BJU Int 96:1177–1184
Elzayat EA, Elhilali MM (2006) Holmium laser enucleation of the Prostate (HoLEP): The endourological alternative to open prostatectomy. Eur Urol 49:87–91
Elzayat EA, Elhilali MM (2007) Holmium laser enucleation of the prostate (HoLEP): Long-term results, reoperation rate, and possible impact of the learning curve. Eur Urol 52:1465–1472
Faul P, Farin G, Reich O et al (1996) The ‚band electrode’: first experiences with a novel TURP procedure to improve hemostasis. Eur Urol 30:403–408
Floratos DL, Aarnink RG (2000) Predictors of treatment outcome for high-energy transurethral microwave thermotherapy. J Endourol 14:643–649
Floratos DL, Alivizatos GJ, Debruyne FM et al (2000) Transurethral microwave thermotherapy in the armamentarium of therapeutic modalities for benign prostatic hyperplasia. Tech Urol 6:256–261
Floratos DL, Sonke GS, Francisca EA et al (2000) Long-term follow-up of laser treatment for lower urinary tract symptoms suggestive of bladder outlet obstruction. Urology 56:604–609
Floratos DL, Sonke GS, Francisca EA et al (2000) High energy transurethral microwave thermotherapy for the treatment of patients in urinary retention. J Urol 163:1457–1460
Floratos DL, Kiemeney LA, Rossi C et al (2001) Long-term followup of randomized transurethral microwave thermotherapy versus transurethral prostatic resection study. J Urol 165:1533–1538
Floratos DL, Sedelaar JP, Kortmann BB et al (2001) Intra-prostatic vasculature studies: can they predict the outcome of transurethral microwave thermotherapy for the management of bladder outflow obstruction? Prostate 46:200–206
Foley SJ, Soloman LZ, Wedderburn AW et al (2000) A prospective study of the natural history of hematuria associated with benign prostatic hyperplasia and the effect of finasteride. J Urol 163:496–498
Fourcade RO (2000) Efficiency and tolerance of terazosine in ambulatory patients with benign prostatic hypertrophy: comparative randomized and double-blind trial versus alfuzosin. The MG Terazosine Group. Prog Urol 10:246–253
Francisca EA, Keijzers GB, d’Ancona FC et al (1999) Lower-energy thermotherapy in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia: long-term follow-up results of a multicenter international study. World J Urol 17:279–284
Francisca EA, d’Ancona FC, Hendriks JC et al (2000) A randomized study comparing high-energy TUMT to TURP: quality-of-life results. Eur Urol 38:569–575
Francisca EA, Kortmann BB, Floratos DL et al (2000) Tolerability of 3.5 versus 2.5 high-energy transurethral microwave thermotherapy. Eur Urol 38:59–63
Freyer PJ (1912) One thousand cases of total enucleation of the prostate for radical cure of enlargement of that organ. Br Med J 2:868
Geller J (1990) Effect of finasteride, a 5 alpha-reductase inhibitor on prostate tissue androgens and prostate-specific antigen. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 71:1552–1555
Geller J, Sionit L (1992) Castration-like effects on the human prostate of a 5 alpha-reductase inhibitor, finasteride. J Cell Biochem 16(Suppl):109–112
Gerber GS, Zagaja GP, Bales GT et al (1998) Saw palmetto (Serenoa repens) in men with lower urinary tract symptoms: effects on urodynamic parameters and voiding symptoms. Urology 51:1003–1007
Gilling PJ, Cass CB, Malcolm A et al (1998) Holmium laser resection of the prostate versus neodymium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet visual laser ablation of the prostate: a randomized prospective comparison of two techniques for laser prostatectomy. Urology 51(4):573–577
Gilling PJ, Kennett KM, Fraundorfer MR (2000) Holmium laser resection v transurethral resection of the prostate: results of a randomized trial with 2 years of follow-up. J Endourol 14(9):757–760
Gilling PJ, van Erps P (2005) Efficacy of dutasteride and finasteride for the treatment of benign prostate hyperplasia: results of the 1-year enlarged prostate international comparator study (EPICS). Promed Urology, Tauranga, New Zealand
Goepel M, Hecker U, Krege S et al (1999) Saw palmetto extracts potently and noncompetitively inhibit human alpha1-adrenoceptors in vitro. Prostate 38:208–215
Gomez SF, Bachmann A, Choi BB et al (2007) Photoselective vaporization of the prostate (GreenLight PV): lessons learnt after 3500 procedures. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 10(4):316–322
Gormley GJ, Stoner E, Rittmaster RS et al (1990) Effects of finasteride (MK-906), a 5 alpha-reductase inhibitor, on circulating androgens in male volunteers. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 70:1136–1141
Gormley GJ, Stoner E, Bruskewitz RC et al (1992) The effect of finasteride in men with benign prostatic hyperplasia. N Engl J Med 327:1185–1191
Gratzke C, Schlenker B, Seitz M et al (2007) Complications and early postoperative outcome after open prostatectomy in patients with benign prostatic enlargement: results of a prospective multicenter study. J Urol 177:1419–1422
Gravas S, Laguna MP, de la Rosette JJ (2003) Efficacy and safety of intraprostatic temperature-controlled microwave thermotherapy in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia: results of a prospective, open-label, single-center study with 1-year follow-up. J Endourol 17:425–430
Greenberger M, Steiner M (1998) The University of Tennessee Experience with the Indigo 830e laser device for the minimally invasive treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia: interim analysis. World J Urol 16:386–391
Guess HA, Heyse JF, Gormley GJ (1993) The effect of finasteride on prostate-specific antigen in men with benign prostatic hyperplasia. Prostate 22:31–37
Guess HA, Heyse JF, Gormley GJ et al (1993) Effect of finasteride on serum PSA concentration in men with benign prostatic hyperplasia. Results from the North American phase III clinical trial. Urol Clin North Am 20:627–636
Guess HA, Gormley GJ, Stoner E et al (1996) The effect of finasteride on prostate specific antigen: review of available data. J Urol 155:3–9
Gupta N, Kumar SR, Dogra PN et al (2006) Comparison of standard transurethral resection, transurethral vapour resection and holmium laser enucleation of the prostate for managing benign prostatic hyperplasia of >40 g. BJU Int 97:85–89
Hai MA, Malek RS (2003) Photoselective vaporization of the prostate: initial experience with a new 80 W KTP laser for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia. J Endourol 17:93–96
Hammadeh MY, Madaan S, Hines J et al (2003) 5-year outcome of a prospective randomized trial to compare transurethral electrovaporization of the prostate and standard transurethral resection. Urology 61:1166–1171
Hargreave TB, Heynes CF, Kendrick SW et al (1996) Mortality after transurethral and open prostatectomy in Scotland. Br J Urol 77:547–553
Harrison RH 3rd (2000) Re: A prospective study of the natural history of hematuria associated with benign prostatic hyperplasia and the effect of finasteride. J Urol 164:1670–1671
Hill B, Belville W, Bruskewitz RC et al (2004) Transurethral needle ablation versus transurethral resection of the prostate for the treatment of symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia: 5-year results of a prospective, randomized, multicenter clinical trial. J Urol 171:2336–2340
Hoffman RM, MacDonald R, Slaton JW et al (2003) Laser prostatectomy versus transurethral resection for treating benign prostatic obstruction: a systematic review. J Urol 169(1):210–215
Höfner K, Tunn U, Reich O et al (2007) Surgery for benign prostatic hyperplasia. Dtsch Arztebl 104:2424–2428
Holmes M, Cox J, Stewart J et al (2002) Thick vs thin loop transurethral resection of the prostate: a double-blind prospective trial of early morbidity. BJU Int 89:197–201
Horninger W, Unterlechner H, Strasser H et al (1996) Transurethral prostatectomy: Mortality and morbidity. Prostate 28:195–200
Jonas A, Rosenblat G, Krapf D et al (1998) Cactus flower extracts may prove beneficial in benign prostatic hyperplasia due to inhibition of 5alpha reductase activity, aromatase activity and lipid peroxidation. Urol Res 26:265–270
Kaplan SA, Walmsley K, Te AE (2005) Tolterodine extended release attenuates lower urinary tract symptoms in men with benign prostatic hyperplasia. J Urol 174:2273–2276
Kaplan SA, Roehrborn CG, Rovner ES et al (2006) Tolterodin and tamsulosin for treatment of men with lower urinary tract symptoms and overactive bladder. A randomized controlled trial. JAMA 296:2319–2328
Kassen A, Berges R, Senge T (2000) Effect of beta-sitosterol on transforming growth factor-beta-1 expression and translocation protein kinase C alpha in human prostate stromal cells in vitro. Eur Urol 37:735–741
Kearney MC, Bingham JB, Bergland R et al (2002) Clinical predictors in the use of finasteride for control of gross hematuria due to benign prostatic hyperplasia. J Urol 167:2489–2491
Keoghane SR, Sullivan ME, Doll HA et al (2000) Five-year data from the oxford laser prostatectomy trial. BJU Int 86(3):227–228
Kijvikai K, van Dijk M, Pes PL et al (2006) Clinical utility of „blind placement“ prostatic stent in patients with benign prostatic obstruction: a prospective study. Urology 68:1025–1030
Kirby RS, Roehrborn C, Boyle P et al (2003) Efficacy and tolerability of doxazosin and finasteride, alone or in combination, in treatment of symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia: the Prospective European Doxazosin und Combination Therapy (PREDICT) trial. Urology 61:119–126
Klippel KF, Hiltl DM, Schipp B (1997) A multicentric, placebo-controlled, double-blind, clinical trial of ß-sitosterol (phytosterol) for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia. Br J Urol 80:427–432
Knoll T, Michel MS, Trojan L et al (2003) Langzeitergebnisse der interstitiellen Laserkoagulation zur Behandlung der benignen Prostatahyperplasie. Akt Urol 34:48–51
Kortmann BB, Floratos DL, Kiemeny LA et al (2003) Urodyanmic effects of alpha-blockers: a review of clinical trials. Urology 62:1–9
Krautschick AW, Koehrmann KU, Henkel TO et al (1999) Interstitial laser coagulation in benign prostatic hyperplasia: a critical evaluation after 2 years of follow-up. Urol Int 62:76–80
Kuntz RM, Lehrich K (2002) Transurethral holmium laser enucleation versus transvesical open enucleation for prostate adenoma greater than 100 gm.: a randomized prospective trial of 120 patients. J Urol 168(4):1465–1469
Kuntz RM, Ahyai S, Lehrich K et al (2004) Transurethral holmium laser enucleation of the prostate versus transurethral electrocautery resection of the prostate: a randomized prospective trial in 200 patients. J Urol 172(3):1012–1016
Kursh ED, Concepcion R, Chan S et al (2003) Interstitial laser coagulation versus transurethral prostate resection for treating benign prostatic obstruction: a randomized trial with 2-year follow-up. Urology 61(3):573–578
Lee G, Marathe S, Sabbagh S et al (2005) Thermo-expandable intra-prostatic stent in the treatment of acute urinary retention in elderly patients with significant co-morbidities. Int Urol Nephrol 37:501–504
Lee JY, Kim HW, Lee SJ et al (2004) Comparison of doxazosin with or without tolterodine in men with symptomatic bladder outlet obstruction and an overactive bladder. BJU Int 94:817–820
Lee KM, Choo MS, Kim DY et al (2005) Combination treatment with propiverine hydrochloride plus doxazosin controlled release gastrointestinal therapeutic system formulation for overactive bladder and coexisting benign prostatic obstruction: a prospective, randomized, controlled multicenter study. J Urol 174:1334–1338
Lepor H, Williford WO, Barry MJ et al (1996) The efficacy of terazosin, finasteride, or both in benign prostatic hyperplasia. veterans affairs cooperative studies benign prostatic hyperplasia study group. N Engl J Med 335:533–539
Levin RM, Das AK (2000) A scientific basis for the therapeutic effects of Pygeum africanum and Serenoa repens. Urol Res 28:201–209
Liedberg F, Adell L, Hagberg G et al (2003) Interstitial laser coagulation versus transurethral prostate resection of the prostate for benign prostatic enlargement – a prospective randomized study. Scand J Urol Nephrol 37:494–497
Lowe FC, Dreikorn K, Borkowski A et al (1998) Review of recent placebo-controlled trials utilizing phytotherapeutic agents for treatment of BPH. Prostate 37:187–193
Lowe FC, Fagelman E (1999) Phytotherapy in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia: an update. Urology 53:671–678
Lukacs B, Grange JC, Comet D et al (2000) History of 7,093 patients with lower urinary tract symptoms related to benign prostatic hyperplasia treated with alfuzosin in general practice up to 3 years. Eur Urol 37:183–190
Maccagnano C, Salonia A, Briganti A et al (2006) A critical analysis of Permixon™ in the treatment of lower urinary tract symptoms due to benign prostatic enlargement. Eur Urol 430–440
MacDonald R, Ishani A, Rutks I et al (2000) A systematic review of Cernilton for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia. BJU Int 85:836–841
Madersbacher S, Marberger M (1999) Is transurethral resection of the prostate still justified? BJU Int 83:227–237
Madersbacher S, Lackner J, Brossner C et al (2005) Reoperation, myocardial infarction and mortality after transurethral and open prostatectomy: a nation-wide, long-term analysis of 23,123 cases. Eur Urol 47:499–504
Madersbacher S, Schatzl G, Brössner C (2005) Phytotherapie bei BPS. Urologe A 44:513–520
Marberger MJ (1998) Long-term effects of finasteride in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter study. PROWESS Study Group. Urology 51:677–686
Marks LS, Tyler VE (1999) Saw palmetto extract: newest (and oldest) treatment alternative for men with symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia. Urology 53:457–461
Marks LS, Partin AW, Epstein JI et al (2000) Effects of a saw palmetto herbal blend in men with symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia. J Urol 163:1451–1456
Martenson AC, De la Rosette JJ (1999) Interstitial laser coagulation in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia using a diode laser system: results of an evolving technology. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2(3):148–154
Masood S, Djaladat H, Kouriefs C et al (2004) The 12-year outcome analysis of an endourethral wallstent for treating benign prostatic hyperplasia. BJU Int 94:1271–1274
Mattiasson A, Wagrell L, Schelin S et al (2007) Five-year follow-up of Feedback Microwave Thermotherapy versus TURP for clinical BPH: a prospective randomized multicenter study. Urology 69:91–97
McAllister WJ, Absalom MJ, Mir K et al (2000) Does endoscopic laser ablation of the prostate stand the test of time? Five-year results from a multicentre randomized controlled trial of endoscopic laser ablation against transurethral resection of the prostate. BJU Int 85:437–439
McConnell J, Bruskewitz R, Walsh P et al (1998) The effect of finasteride on the risk of acute urinary retention and the need for surgical treatment among men with benign prostatic hyperplasia. N Engl J Med 338:557–563
McConnell JD, Roehrborn CG, Bautista OM et al (2003) The long-term effect of doxazosin, finasteride, and combination therapy on the clinical progression of benign prostatic hyperplasia. N Engl J Med 349:2387–2398
McNeill SA, Daruwala PD, Mitchell ID et al (1999) Sustained-release alfuzosin and trial without catheter after acute urinary retention: a prospective, placebo-controlled. BJU Int 84:622–627
Mearini E, Marzi M, Mearini L et al (1998) Open prostatectomy in benign prostatic hyperplasia: 10-year experience in Italy. Eur Urol 34:480–485
Mebust WK, Holtgrewe HL, Cockett AT et al (1989) Transurethral prostatectomy: immediate and postoperative complications. A cooperative study of 13 participating institutions evaluating 3.885 patients. J Urol 141:243–247
Michel MC, Bressel HU, Mehlburger L et al (1998) Tamsulosin: real life clinical experience in 19.365 patients. Eur Urol 34(Suppl 2):37–45
Michel MC, Pfeiffer N, Höfner K (2006) Was bedeutet das „intraoperative floppy iris“ Syndrom für den Urologen? Urologe A 45:1547–1548
Michel MC, Berges R, Dreikorn K et al (2007) Konservative Behandlung des benignen Prostatasyndroms. Dtsch Ärztebl A 104:2354–2358
Miller MI, Puchner PJ (1998) Effects of finasteride on hematuria associated with benign prostatic hyperplasia: long-term follow-up. Urology 51:237–240
Monoski MA, Gonzalez RR, Sandhu JS et al (2006) Urodynamic predictors of outcomes with photoselective laser vaporization prostatectomy in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia and preoperative retention. Urology 68(2):312–317
Montorsi F, Naspro R, Salonia A et al (2004) Holmium laser enucleation versus transurethral resection of the prostate: results from a 2-center prospective, randomized trial in patients with obstructive benign prostatic hyperplasia. J Urol 172:1926–1929
Moody JA, Lingeman JE (2001) Holmium laser resection for prostate adenoma greater than 100 gm: comparison to open prostatectomy. J Urol 165:459–462
Muschter R, Hofstetter A (2000) Die interstitielle Laserkoagulation mit dem Diodenlaser der Wellenlänge 830 nm zur Therapie der benignen Prostatahyperplasie – High- versus Low-Volume-Koagulation. Lasermedizin 15:72–80
Muschter R, Schorsch I, Danielli L et al (2000) Transurethral water-induced thermotherapy for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia: a prospective multicenter clinical trial. J Urol 164:1565–1569
Muschter R (2001) Current status of laser treatment of BPH. Med Laser Appl 16:5–14
Muschter R (2002) Water-induced thermotherapy. Atlas Urol. Clin 10:93–102
Muschter R (2003) Conductive heat: hot-water-induced thermotherapy for ablation of prostatic tissue. J Endourol 17:609–616
Naspro R, Suardi N, Salonia A et al (2006) Holmium laser enucleation of the prostate versus open prostatectomy >70 g: 24-month followu-up. Eur Urol 50:563–568
Neill MG, Gilling PJ, Kennett KM et al (2006) Randomized trial comparing holmium laser enucleation of prostate with plasmakinetic enucleation of prostate for treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia. Urology 68:1020–1024
Nickel JC, Fradet Y, Boake RC et al (1996) Efficacy and safety of finasteride therapy for benign prostatic hyperplasia: results of a 2-year randomized controlled trial (the PROSPECT Study). Can Med Assoc J 155:1251–1259
Norby B, Frimodt-Moller PC (2000) Development of a urethrorectal fistula after transurethral microwave thermotherapy for benign prostatic hyperplasia. BJU Int 85:554–555
Norby B, Hald L, Frimodt-Moller PC et al (2000) Transurethral microwave thermotherapy. A therapeutic option for high-risk patients with urinary retention secondary to benign prostatic hyperplasia. Ugeskr Laeger 162:4934–4937
O’Leary MP, Roehrborn C, Andriole G et al (2003) Improvements in benign prostatic hyperplasia-specific quality of life with dutasteride, the novel dual 5alpha-reductase inhibitor. BJU Int 92:262–266
Oesterling JE, Defalco AJ, Kaplan SA et al (1994) The North American experience with the uroLume endoprosthesis as treatment for benign prostatic hyperplasia: long-term results. Urology 44:353–362
Palin MF, Faguy M, LeHoux JG et al (1998) Inhibitory effects of Serenoa repens on the kinetic of pig prostatic microsomal 5alpha-reductase activity. Endocrine 9:65–69
Palou Redorta J, Gausa Gascon L, Salvador Bayarre J et al (2002) Efficacy of finasteride in the treatment of hematuria associated with benign prostatic hypertrophy. Arch Esp Urol 55:895–899
Paubert-Braquet M, Cousse H, Raynaud JP et al (1998) Effect of the lipidosterolic extract of Serenoa repens (Permixon) and its major components on basic fibroblast growth factor-induced proliferation of cultures of human prostate biopsies. Eur Urol 33:340–347
Perimenis P, Gyftopoulos K, Markou S et al (2002) Effects of finasteride and cyproterone acetate on hematuria associated with benign prostatic hyperplasia: a prospective, randomized, controlled study. Urology 59:373–377
Rehman J, Khan SA, Sukkarieh T et al (2005) Extraperitoneal laparoscopic prostatectomy (adenomectomy) for obstructing benign prostatic hyperplasia: transvesical and transcapsular (Millin) techniques. J Endourol 19:491–496
Reich O, Bachmann A, Siebels M et al (2005) High power (80 W) potassium-titanyl-phosphate laser vaporization of the prostate in 66 high risk patients. J Urol 173:158–160
Reich O, Gratzke C, Stief CG (2006) Techniques and long term results of surgical procedures for BPH. Eur Urol 49:970–978
Rittmaster RS, Lemay A, Zwicker H et al (1992) Effect of finasteride, a 5 alpha-reductase inhibitor, on serum gonadotropins in normal men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 75:484–488
Roehrborn C, Andriole G, Boyle P et al (2002) Effect of the dual 5 alpha-reductase inhibitor dutasteride on endocrine parameters and prostate volume. Eur Urol 1(Suppl):107
Roehrborn CG, Bruskewitz R, Nickel GC et al (2000) Urinary retention in patients with BPH treated with finasteride or placebo over 4 years. Characterization of patients and ultimate outcomes.The PLESS Study Group. Eur Urol 37:528–536
Roehrborn CG, McConnell J, Bonilla J et al (2000) Serum prostate specific antigen is a strong predictor of future prostate growth in men with benign prostatic hyperplasia. PROSCAR long-term efficacy and safety study. J Urol 163:13–20
Roehrborn CG, Boyle P, Nickel JC et al (2002) Efficacy and safety of a dual inhibitor of 5-alpha-reductase types 1 and 2 (dutasteride) in men with benign prostatic hyperplasia. Urology 60:434–441
Roehrborn CG, Lukkarinen O, Mark S et al (2005) Long-term improvement in symptoms of benign prostatic hyperplasia with the dual 5alpha-reductase inhibitor dutasteride: results of 4-year studies. BJU Int 96:572–577
Roehrborn CG (2006) Definition of at-risk patients: baseline variables. BJU Int 97:7–11
Roos NP, Wennberg JE, Malenka DJ et al (1989) Mortality and reoperation after open and transurethral resection of the prostate for benign prostatic hyperplasia. N Engl J Med 320:1120–1124
Rosario DJ, Woo H, Potts KL et al (1997) Safety and efficacy of transurethral needle ablation of the prostate for symptomatic outlet obstruction. Br J Urol 80:579–586
Sall M, Bruskewitz R (1996) Treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia: surgery, medical therapy, or watchful waiting. Com Ther 22:554–558
Schafer W, Tammela TL, Barrett DM et al (1999) Continued improvement in pressure-flow parameters in men receiving finasteride for 2 years. Finasteride Urodynamics Study Group. Urology 54:278–283
Schatzl G, Madersbacher S, Lang T et al (1997) The early postoperative morbidity of transurethral resection of the prostate and of 4 minimally invasive treatment alternatives. J Urol 158(1):105–111
Segars LW (1999) Saw palmetto extracts for benign prostatic hyperplasia. J Fam Pract 48:88–89
Seitz M, Reich O, Karl A et al (2007) Diode laser treatment of human prostates – clinical 6-month experience. Med Laser Appl 22:232–237
Seitz M, Sroka R, Gratzke C et al (2007) The diode laser: A novel side-firing approach for laser vaporisation of the human prostate – immediate efficacy and 1-year follow-up. Eur Urol 52:1717–1722
Servadio C (1992) Is open prostatectomy really obsolete? Urology 40:419–421
Shah HM, Mahajan AP, Sunil SS et al (2007) Peri-operative complications of holmium laser enucleation of the prostate: experience in the first 280 patients, and a review of the literature. BJU Int 100:94–101
Shah HN, Mahajan AP, Sodha HS et al (2007) Prospective evaluation of the learning curve for holmium laser enucleation of the prostate. J Urol 177:1468–1474
Shore ND, Dineen MK, Saslawsky MJ et al (2007) A temporary intraurethral prostatic stent relieves prostatic obstruction following transurethral microwave thermotherapy. J Urol 177:1040–1046
Sieber PR, Rommel FM, Huffnagle HW et al (1998) The treatment of gross hematuria secondary to prostatic bleeding with finasteride. J Urol 159:1232–1233
Sökeland J, Albrecht J (1997) Kombination aus Sabal- und Urticaextrakt versus Finasterid bei BPH (Stadium I-II nach Alken). Vergleich der therapeutischen Wirksamkeit in einer einjährigen Doppelblindstudie. Urologe A 36:327–333
Sotelo R, Spaliviero M, Garcia-Segui A et al (2005) Laparoscopic retropubic simple prostatectomy. J Urol 173:757–760
Starkman JS, Santucci RA (2005) Comparison of bipolar transurethral resection of the prostate with standard transurethral prostatectomy: shorter stay, earlier catheter removal and fewer complications. BJU Int 95:69–71
Steele GS, Sleep DJ (1997) Transurethral needle ablation of the prostate: a urodynamic based study with 2-year followup. J Urol 158:1834–1838
Stepanov VN, Siniakova LA, Sarrazin B et al (1999) Efficacy and tolerability of the lipidosterolic extract of Serenoa repens (Permixon) in benign prostatic hyperplasia: a double-blind comparison of two dosage regimens. Adv Ther 16:231–241
Stoner E (1990) The clinical development of a 5 alpha-reductase inhibitor, finasteride. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 37:375–378
Stoner E (1994) Three-year safety and efficacy data on the use of finasteride in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia. Urology 43:284–292
Stoner E (1994) Maintenance of clinical efficacy with finasteride therapy for 24 months in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia. The Finasteride Study Group. Arch Intern Med 154:83–88
Sulser T, Reich O, Wyler S et al (2004) Photoselective KTP laser vaporization of the prostate: first experiences with 65 procedures. J Endourol Dec 18(10):976–981
Suvakovic N, Hindmarsh JR (1996) A step towards day case prostatectomy. Br J Urol 77(2):212–214
Swoboda H, Kopp B (1999) Serenoa repens–the saw palmetto or dwarf palm. Wien Med Wochenschr 149:235–240
Talic RF, El Tiraifi A, El Faqih SR et al (2000) Prospective randomized study of transurethral vaporization resection of the prostate using the thick loop and standard transurethral prostatectomy. Urology 55:886–890
Tan A, Liao C, Mo Z et al (2007) Meta-analysis of holmium laser enucleation versus transurethral resection of the prostate for symptomatic prostatic obstruction. Br J Surg 94(10):1201–1208
Tan AH, Gilling PJ (2002) Holmium laser prostatectomy: current techniques. Urology 60(1):152–156
Tan AHH, Gilling PJ, Kennet KM et al (2003) A randomized trial comparing holmium laser enucleation of the prostate with transurethral resection of the prostate for the treatment of bladder outlet obstruction secondary to benign hyperplasia large glands (40 to 200 grams). J Urol 170:1270–1274
Tan AHH, Gilling PJ, Kennett K et al (2003) Long term results of the high powered holmium laser for vaporisation (ablation) of the prostate: results at 7 years. BJU Int 92:707–709
Tefekli A, Muslumanoglu AY, Baykal M et al (2005) A hybrid technique using bipolar energy in transurethral prostate surgery: a prospective, randomized comparison. J Urol 174:1339–1343
Terada N, Arai Y, Okubo K et al (2004) Interstitial laser coagulation for management of benign prostatic pyperplasia: long-term follow-up. Int J Urol 11:978–982
The Finasteride Study Group (1993) Finasteride (MK-906) in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia. Prostate 22:291–299
Thompson IM, Goodman PJ, Tangen CM et al (2003) The influence of finasteride on the development of prostate cancer. N Engl J Med 349:215–224
Thompson IM, Klein EA, Lippman SM et al (2003) Prevention of prostate cancer with finasteride: US/European perspective. Eur Urol 44:650–655
Thompson IM, Pauler Ankerst D, Chi C et al (2007) Prediction of prostate cancer for patients receiving finasteride: results from the prostate cancer prevention trial. J Clin Oncol 25:3076–3081
Tkocz M, Prajsner A (2002) Comparison of long-term results of transurethral incision of the prostate with transurethral resection of the prostate, in patients with benign prostatic hypertrophy. Neurourol Urodyn 21:112–116
Tooher R, Sutherland P, Costello A et al (2004) A systematic review of holmium laser prostatectomy for benign prostatic hyperplasia. J Urol 171(5):1773–1781
Tseng KF, Tai HL, Chang CP (2007) Case report: Endoscopic removal of memotherm urethral stent with diode laser. J Endourol 21:100–102
Tuhkanen K, Heino A, Aaltomaa S et al (2003) Long-term results of contact laser versus transurethral resection of the prostate in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia with small or moderately enlarged prostates. Scand J Urol Nephrol 37(6):487–493
Uchikoba T, Horiuchi K, Satoh M et al (2005) Urethral stent (Angiomed-Memotherm) implantation in high-risk patients with urinary retention. Hinyokika Kiyo 51:235–239
Van Coppenolle F, Le Bourhis X, Carpentier F et al (2000) Pharmacological effects of the lipidosterolic extract of Serenoa repens (Permixon) on rat prostate hyperplasia induced by hyperprolactinemia: comparison with finasteride. Prostate 43:49–58
Van Dijk MM, Mochtar CA, Wijkstra H et al (2006) The bell-shaped nitinol prostatic stent in the treatment of lower urinary tract symptoms: experience in 108 patients. Eur Urol 49:353–359
Van Melick HH, Van Venrooij GE, Boon TA (2003) Long-term follow-up after transurethral resection of the prostate, contact laser prostatectomy, and electrovaporization. Urology 62(6):1029–1034
Van Melick HH, Van Venrooij GE, Eckhardt MD et al (2003) A randomized controlled trial comparing transurethral resection of the prostate, contact laser prostatectomy and electrovaporization in men with benign prostatic hyperplasia: analysis of subjective changes, morbidity and mortality. J Urol 169(4):1411–1416
Vanderbrink BA, Rastinehad AR, Badlani GH (2007) Prostatic stents for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia. Curr Opin Urol 17:1–6
Varkarakis J, Bartsch G, Horninger W (2004) Long-term morbidity and mortality of transurethral prostatectomy: a 10-year follow-up. Prostate 58:248–251
Wasson JH, Reda DJ, Bruskewitz RC et al (1995) A comparison of transurethral surgery with watchful waiting for moderate symptoms of benign prostatic hyperplasia. N Engl J Med 332:75–79
Wasson JH, Bubolz TA, Lu-Yao GL et al (2000) Transurethral resection of the prostate among medicare beneficiaries: 1984 to 1997. For the patient outcomes research team for Prostatic Diseases. J Urol 164:1212–1215
Wendt-Nordahl G, Hacker A, Reich O et al (2004) The Vista system: a new bipolar resection device for endourological procedures: comparison with conventional resectoscope. Eur Urol 46:586–590
Wendt-Nordahl G, Huckele S, Honeck P et al (2007) 980 nm diode laser: A novel laser technology for vaporisation of the prostate. Eur Urol 52:1723–1728
Westenberg A, Gilling P, Kennett K et al (2004) Holmium laser resection of the prostate versus transurethral resection of the prostate: results of a randomized trial with 4-year minimum long-term followup. J Urol 172(2):616–619
Wilson LC, Gilling PJ, Williams A et al (2006) A randomised trial comparing holmium laser enucleation versus transurethral resection in the treatment of prostates larger than 40 grams: results at 2 years. Eur Urol 50:569–573
Wilt T, Ishani A, MacDonald R et al (2000) Beta-sitosterols for benign prostatic hyperplasia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev: CD001043
Wilt T, Ishani A, Stark G et al (2000) Serenoa repens for benign prostatic hyperplasia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev: CD001423
Wilt T, Ishani A, MacDonald R (2007) Serenoa repens for benign prostatic hyperplasia. Art. No.: CD001423. DOI:10.1002/14651858.CD001423
Wilt T, Ishani A, MacDonald R et al (2007) Pygeum africanum for benign prostatic hyperplasia (Review). Art. No.: CD001042. DOI:1002/14651858.CD001042
Wilt T, Ishani A, MacDonald R et al (2007) Beta-sitosterols for benign prostatic hyperplasia (Review). Cochrane Database Syst Rev 1999
Wilt T, MacDonald R, Ishani A et al (2007) Cernilton for benign prostatic hyperplasia (Review). Art. No.: CD001042. DOI:1002/14651858.CD001042
Wilt TJ, Ishani A, Stark G et al (1998) Saw palmetto extracts for treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia: a systematic review. JAMA 280:1604–1609
Yang Q, Peters TJ, Donovan JL et al (2001) Transurethral incision compared with transurethral resection of the prostate for bladder outlet obstruction: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Urol 165:1526–1532
Zellner M, Muschter R (1994) Initiale urodynamische Ergebnisse nach interstitieller Laserkoagulation der Prostata bei benigner Hyperplasie. Lasermedizin 10:179–182
Zlotta AR, Giannakopoulos X, Maehlumc O et al (2003) Long-term evaluation of transurethral needle ablation of the prostate (TUNA) for treatment of symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia: Clinical outcome up to five years from three centers. Eur Urol 44:89–93
Zwergel U, Wullich B, Lindenmeir U et al (1998) Long-term results following transurethral resection of the prostate. Eur Urol 33:476–480
Interessenkonflikt
Der korrespondierende Autor gibt an, dass kein Interessenkonflikt besteht.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Appendix
Appendix
Evidenzbeurteilung publizierter Studien
-
Level 1a: Evidenz aus Metaanalysen randomisierter Studien,
-
Level 1b: Evidenz aus mindestens einer randomisierten Studie mit guter Qualität,
-
Level 2a: Evidenz aus einer gut durchgeführten (experimentellen) Studie ohne Randomisierung,
-
Level 2b: Evidenz aus mindestens einer gut durchgeführten, quasiexperimentellen Studie, Kohortenstudien,
-
Level 3: Evidenz aus einer gut durchgeführten, nichtexperimentellen Studie, z. B. Vergleichsstudie, Korrelationsuntersuchung oder „case-report“,
-
Level 4: Evidenz aus Expertenkommissionen, Expertenmeinungen oder klinische Evidenz von anerkannten Autoritäten.
Grad der Empfehlung
-
Grad A: Basiert auf klinischen Studien von guter Qualität und Konsistenz, welche spezifische Empfehlungen gegeben haben und mindestens eine randomisierte Studie beinhalten (konsistente Level-1-Untersuchungen).
-
Grad B: Basiert auf gut durchgeführten klinischen Studien, aber ohne randomisierte klinische Studien (konsistente Level-2- oder -3-Studien).
-
Grad C: Basiert ohne direkt zutreffende klinische Studien von guter Qualität (Level-4-Untersuchungen oder Level-2/3-Untersuchungen mit mehrheitlicher Evidenz).
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Berges, R., Dreikorn, K., Höfner, K. et al. Therapie des benignen Prostatasyndroms (BPS). Urologe 48, 1503–1516 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00120-009-2067-4
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00120-009-2067-4