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Ganzkörperdiagnostik beim malignen Melanom

Vorteile, Grenzen und aktueller Stellenwert von PET-CT, GK-MRT und PET-MRT

Whole-body staging of malignant melanoma

Advantages, limitations and current importance of PET-CT, whole-body MRI and PET-MRI

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Zusammenfassung

Schnittbildmethoden sind heute der Standard bei der Ausbreitungsdiagnostik ab Stadium III des malignen Melanoms. Das frühere zeit- und kostenaufwendige multimodale Konzept wird heute durch Ganzkörper(GK)-Stagingmethoden, wie die 18F-Fluordeoxyglukose(FDG)-Positronenemissionstomographie(PET)-CT und GK-MRT zunehmend ersetzt, da diese Methoden eine GK-Untersuchung in vertretbarer Zeit mit hoher diagnostischer Genauigkeit bieten. Zahlreiche Studien belegen die hohe Sensitivität (> 85 %) und Spezifität (> 90 %) der FDG-PET-CT beim Nachweis von Melanommetastasen, welche die Treffsicherheit der konventionellen Stagingmethoden, insbesondere der CT, übertreffen und bis zu einem Drittel der Fälle zu einer Änderung des therapeutischen Managements führen. Dies gilt insbesondere für das Staging vor einer kurativen Metastasenchirurgie. Die begrenzte Sensitivität der PET für Läsionen kleiner als 1 cm und die mangelnde Fähigkeit, mikroskopische Metastasen zu entdecken, limitieren den Nutzen der PET-CT für Patienten mit Melanom im Stadium I und II. Bei fehlender praktischer und ökonomischer Verfügbarkeit der PET-CT können im klinischen Alltag die GK-CT oder GK-MRT alternativ eingesetzt werden. Die GK-MRT einschließlich Diffusionswichtung („diffusion-weighted imaging“, DWI) hat sich zu einer konkurrenzfähigen Alternative zur PET-CT entwickelt, prospektive vergleichende Studien sind allerdings noch selten und weisen zudem kleine Fallzahlen und ein heterogenes Studiendesign auf. Betrachtet man die Genauigkeit der beiden Methoden, bezogen auf die verschiedenen Metastasenlokalisationen, wird deutlich, dass Sensitivität und Spezifität von PET-CT und GK-MRT organabhängig differieren. Es zeigen sich Vorteile der PET-CT in der Detektion von Lymphknoten-, Weichteil- und Lungenmetastasen und eine Überlegenheit der MRT für Hirn-, Leber- und Knochenläsionen. Der Stellenwert der PET-MRT für die Ausbreitungsdiagnostik beim Melanom wird derzeit in klinischen Studien geprüft.

Abstract

Cross-sectional imaging methods are currently the standard methods for staging of advanced melanoma. The former time-consuming and expensive multimodality approach is increasingly being replaced by novel whole-body (WB) staging methods, such as 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (18F-FDG-PET-CT) and whole-body magnetic resonance imaging (WBMRI) because they offer a complete head-to-toe coverage of the patient in a single examination with an accurate and sensitive detection of tumor spread. Several studies in patients with advanced melanoma revealed that PET-CT is more sensitive and specific than conventional modalities, such as CT alone resulting in a change of management in up to 30 % of cases. Due to the limited sensitivity of PET for lesions smaller than 1 cm, PET-CT is not useful for the initial work-up of patients with stage I and II melanoma but has proven to be superior for detection of distant metastases, which is essential prior to surgical metastasectomy. If PET-CT is not available WB-CT or WB-MRI can alternatively be used and WB-MRI including diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) has become a real alternative for staging of melanoma patients. So far, however, only few reports suffering from small numbers of cases and heterogeneous design have compared the diagnostic performance of WB-MRI and PET-CT. The preliminary results indicate a high overall diagnostic accuracy of both methods; however, these methods differ in organ-based detection rates: PET-CT was more accurate in N-staging and detection of lung and soft tissue metastases whereas WB-MRI was superior in detecting liver, bone and brain metastases. The value of PET-MRI for staging of advanced melanoma is the subject of ongoing clinical studies.

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Einhaltung ethischer Richtlinien

Interessenkonflikt. C. Pfannenberg und N. Schwenzer geben an, dass kein Interessenkonflikt besteht. Dieser Beitrag beinhaltet keine Studien an Menschen oder Tieren.

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Pfannenberg, C., Schwenzer, N. Ganzkörperdiagnostik beim malignen Melanom. Radiologe 55, 120–126 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00117-014-2762-z

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00117-014-2762-z

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