Skip to main content
Log in

Degenerative und altersbedingte Veränderungen an der Wirbelsäule

Degenerative and age-related alterations of the spine

  • Leitthema
  • Published:
Der Radiologe Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Zusammenfassung

Degenerative Veränderungen an der Wirbelsäule treten individuell unterschiedlich mit voranschreitendem Lebensalter auf. Einerseits hängt dies von äußeren Faktoren, wie z. B. jahrelanger schwerer körperlicher Tätigkeit ab, kann aber auch genetisch beeinflusst sein, wie neuere Untersuchungen zeigen konnten. Das Myelon ist innerhalb des knöchernen Spinalkanals gut geschützt, kann aber durch degenerative Veränderungen der Bandscheiben und Bewegungssegmente beeinträchtigt werden. Dabei können durch Verlagerung oder Einengung der nervalen Strukturen anhaltende Schmerzen oder auch fokal neurologische Ausfälle wie Lähmungen oder Sensibilitätsstörungen auftreten. Die Beschwerden können sich über Jahre schleichend entwickeln, z. B. bei einer zunehmenden knöchernen Einengung des Spinalkanals (Spinalkanalstenose) aber auch akut auftreten, beim plötzlichen Bandscheibenvorfall. Viel häufiger treten jedoch Rückenschmerzen auf („low back pain“), die bei ca. 80 % aller Menschen im Laufe ihres Lebens irgendwann einmal auftreten. Es ist notwendig, die normalen altersbedingten Veränderungen der Anatomie in der MR-Bildgebung, insbesondere der Bandscheiben zu kennen, um diese auch richtig zu interpretieren. Kenntnisse des Spektrums der verschiedenen altersbedingten degenerativen Prozesse, die in der Bandscheibe und am Wirbelkörper auftreten können sind notwendig, um pathologische Veränderungen davon zu unterscheiden. Dies ist insofern wichtig, da therapeutische Entscheidungen oft von der MR-Bildgebung abhängig gemacht werden.

Abstract

Degenerative alterations of the spine occur in an individual-specific manner with increasing age. This is not only dependent on external factors, such as hard physical labor over many years but can also be genetically influenced as demonstrated in recent studies. The spinal cord is well-protected within the spinal canal but can be impaired by degenerative alterations of the intervertebral discs and functional spinal segments. Depositions or narrowing of nerve structures can cause lasting pain or focal neurological deficits, such as paralysis or sensitivity disorders. These complaints can slowly develop over years, e.g. by a gradually increasing bony narrowing of the spinal canal (spinal canal stenosis) or can occur suddenly, e.g. an acute herniated disc. However, low back pain is much more common and occurs in approximately 80 % of people sometime during their lifetime. It is necessary to recognize the normal age-related anatomical alterations in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), particularly for intervertebral discs in order to interpret these correctly. Knowledge of the spectrum of the various age-related degenerative processes which can occur in intervertebral discs and vertebral bodies is necessary to be able to differentiate them from pathological alterations. This is important because therapy decisions are often made as a direct result of MRI.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Abb. 1
Abb. 2
Abb. 3
Abb. 4
Abb. 5
Abb. 6
Abb. 7
Abb. 8
Abb. 9
Abb. 10
Abb. 11

Literatur

  1. Fardon D, Milette P (2001) Nomenclature and classification of lumbar disc pathology. Recommendations of the Combined task Forces of the North American Spine Society, American Society of Spine Radiology, and American Society of Neuroradiology. Spine 26:E93–E113

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Palmer KT, Walsh K, Bendall H et al (2000) Back pain in Britain: comparison of two prevalence surveys at an interval of 10 years. BMJ 320:1577–1578

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Van Goethem J, Hauwe L van den, Parizel P (Hrsg) (2007) Spinal imaging. Diagnostic imaging of the spine and spinal cord. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York

  4. Jarvik JG, Deyo RA (2002) Diagnostic evaluation of low back pain with emphasis on imaging. Ann Intern Med 137:586–597

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Modic M, Steinberg P, Ross J et al (1988) Degenerative disk disease: assessment of changes in vertebral body marrow with MR imaging. Radiology 166:193–199

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Grignon B, Grignon Y, Mainard D et al (2000) The structure of the cartilaginous endplates in elder people. Surg Radiol Anat 22:13–19

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Battie MC, Videman T (2006) Lumbar disc degeneration: epidemiology and genetics. J Bone Joint Surg [Am] 88(Suppl 2):3–9

  8. Crock HV, Yoshizawa H (1976) The blood supply of the lumbar vertebral column. Clin Orthop Relat Res 115:6–21

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Feng H, Danfelter M, Stromqvist B, Heinegard D (2006) Extracellular matrix in disc degeneration. J Bone Joint Surg [Am] 88(Suppl 2):25–29

  10. Bittersohl B, Hosalkar HS, Hughes T et al (2009) Feasibility of T2* mapping for the evaluation of hip joint cartilage at 1.5 T using a three-dimensional (3D), gradient-echo (GRE) sequence: a prospective study. Magn Reson Med 62:896–901

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Ly JQ (2007) Systematic approach to interpretation of the lumbar spine MR imaging examination. Magn Reson Imaging Clin North Am 15:155–166

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Peng B, Hao J, Hou S et al (2006) Possible pathogenesis of painful intervertebral disc degeneration. Spine 31:560–566

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Beattie PF, Meyers SP, Stratford P et al (2000) Associations between patient report of symptoms and anatomic impairment visible on lumbar magnetic resonance imaging. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 25:819–828

  14. Krämer J (2006) Bandscheibenbedingte Erkrankungen – Ursachen, Diagnose, Behandlung, Vorbeugung, Begutachtung, 5. Aufl. Thieme, Stuttgart, S 43–53

  15. Ohshima H, Urban JP (1992) The effect of lactate and pH on proteoglycan and protein synthesis rates in the intervertebral disc. Spine 17:1079–1082

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. o A (1997) The costs of accidents at work, 2. Aufl. HS(G)96 HMSO

  17. Yasuma T, Koh S, Okamura T, Yamauchi Y (1990) Histological changes in aging lumbar intervertebral discs. Their role in protrusions and prolapses. J Bone Joint Surg [Am] 72:220–229

  18. Haefeli M, Kalberer F, Saegesser D et al (2006) The course of macroscopic degeneration in the human lumbar intervertebral disc. Spine 31:1522–1531

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Marchand F, Ahmed AM (1990) Investigation of the laminate structure of lumbar disc anulus fibrosus. Spine 15:402–410

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Martin MD, Bxell CM, Malone DG (2002) Pathophysiology of lumbar disc degeneration: a review of literature. Neurosurg Focus 13:E1–E5

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Adams A, Roche O, Mazumder A et al (2014) Imaging of degenerative lumbar intervertebral discs; linking anatomy, patholgy and imaging. Br Med J 90:511–519

    Google Scholar 

  22. Stadnik T, Lee R, Coen H et al (1998) Annular tears and disc herniation: prevalence and contrast enhancement on MR images in the absence of low back pain or sciatica. Radiology 206:49–55

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Boos N, Weissbach S, Rohrbach H et al (2002) Classification of age-related changes in lumbar intervertebral discs. Spine 27:2631–644

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Schwarzer A, Aprill C, Derby R et al (1995) The prevalence and clinical features of internal disc disruption in patients with chronic lower back pain. Spine 20:1878–1883

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Saifuddin A, Mitchell R, Taylor B (1999) Extradural inflammation associated with annular tears: demonstration with gadolinium-enhanced lumbar spine MRI. Eur Spine J 8:34–39

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Pfirrmann CW, Metzdorf A, Zanetti M et al (2001) Magnetic resonance classification of lumbar intervertebral disc degeneration. Spine 26:1873–1878

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Xia Y, Farquhar T, Burton-Wurster N et al (1994) Diffusion and relaxation mapping of cartilage-bone plugs and excised disks using microscopic magnetic resonance imaging. Magn Reson Med 31:273–282

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Zuo J, Saadat E, Romero A et al (2009) Assessment of intervertebral disc degeneration with magnetic resonance single-voxel spectroscopy. Magn Reson Med 62:1140–1146

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Nachemson A, Bigos SJ (1984) The low back. In: Cruess J, Rennie WRJ (Hrsg) Adult orthopedics. Churchill-Livingstone, New York, S 843–937

  30. Yu S, Haughton VM, Sether LA et al (1989) Criteria for classifying normal and degenerated lumbar intervertebral disks. Radiology 170:523–526

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Albert HB, Sorensen JS, Christensen BS et al (2013) Antibiotic treatment in patients with chronic low back pain and vertebral bone oedema (Modic type 1 changes): a double-blind randomized clinical controlled trial of efficacy. Eur Spine J 22:697–707

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Einhaltung ethischer Richtlinien

Interessenkonflikt. W. Reith, S. Bodea, M. Kettner, R. Mühl-Benninghausen, A. Simgen geben an, dass kein Interessenkonflikt besteht. Dieser Beitrag beinhaltet keine Studien an Menschen oder Tieren.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to W. Reith.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Reith, W., Bodea, S., Kettner, M. et al. Degenerative und altersbedingte Veränderungen an der Wirbelsäule. Radiologe 54, 1069–1077 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00117-014-2730-7

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00117-014-2730-7

Schlüsselwörter

Keywords

Navigation