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Therapiemöglichkeiten bei schweren, intensivpflichtigen Sinus- und Venenthrombosen

Therapeutic options in malignant cerebral venous and sinus thrombosis

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Zusammenfassung

Hintergrund

Zerebrale Sinus- und Venenthrombosen (SVT) stellen weniger als 0,5–1 % aller Schlaganfälle dar und kommen gehäuft bei jungen, weiblichen Erwachsenen vor. Generell gilt die Prognose einer SVT als günstig, trotzdem sterben 3–15 % aller Patienten mit SVT in der Akutphase der Erkrankung, meist aufgrund fulminant raumfordernder Stauungsinfarkte oder -blutungen mit nachfolgender zerebraler Herniation. Intensivmedizinische Behandlungsmethoden in Analogie zur Behandlung schwerer ischämischer Infarkte stellen ein aggressives interdisziplinäres Therapiekonzept dar, das anhand von 5 Fällen vorgestellt werden soll.

Ergebnisse

Alle 5 Patienten waren von einer drohenden oder beginnenden zerebralen Herniation und schwerwiegenden fokal-neurologischen Defiziten betroffen, was zur Entscheidung für eine Thrombektomie, Thrombolyse oder Hemikraniektomie (HK) bzw. deren Kombination führte. Trotz der schwer verlaufenden SVTs und trotz vieler intensivmedizinischer Komplikationen, die zunächst eine schlechte Prognose vermuten ließen, konnten alle 5 Patienten nach Überleben der Akutphase in die Rehabilitation verlegt werden und erreichten ein erstaunlich gutes klinisches Ergebnis.

Schlussfolgerung

In Anbetracht des lebensbedrohlichen Verlaufs von schweren SVTs kann ein aggressives, interdisziplinäres Management inklusive endovaskulärer Thrombektomie und Hemikraniektomie zu einem kaum erwarteten Behandlungsergebnis ohne schwere Behinderung oder starke Abhängigkeit führen. Diese Behandlung sollte vermutlich frühzeitig bei Patienten mit schweren Pansinusthrombosen und hohem Risiko eines ungünstigen Verlaufs durch Entstehung von zerebralen Ödemen, Infarkten oder Blutungen erfolgen.

Summary

Background

Cerebral venous and sinus thrombosis (CVST) constitutes less than 0.5–1 % of all strokes and occurs predominantly in young female adults. In general the clinical outcome is favorable but 3–15 % of patients die in the acute phase and in the majority of cases due to cerebral herniation. Intensive care treatment analogous to that of severe ischemic infarct leads to an aggressive interdisciplinary therapy concept that can achieve good clinical outcome.

Based on five cases of severe CVST treatment options will be presented.

Results

All five patients were affected by impending or incipient cerebral herniation and severe focal neurological deficits which resulted in the decision to implement thrombectomy, thrombolysis or hemicraniectomy. Despite the severe course and many intensive care complications which suggested a poor prognosis, all five patients could be transferred to rehabilitation after having survived the acute phase and achieved an amazingly good overall clinical outcome.

Conclusion

Considering the life-threatening course of severe CVST, aggressive interdisciplinary management by endovascular thrombectomy and hemicraniectomy can lead to a scarcely expected clinical outcome without disability or severe dependency. This treatment should be performed early and in an escalatory manner in patients with severe CVST who have an increased risk of an unfavorable outcome due to edema, infarction and hemorrhage.

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Einhaltung ethischer Richtlinien

Interessenkonflikt. S. Schönenberger, C. Geisbüsch, S. Nagel, W. Hacke und J. Bösel geben an, dass kein Interessenkonflikt besteht. Dieser Beitrag beinhaltet keine Studien an Menschen oder Tieren.

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Schönenberger, S., Geisbüsch, C., Nagel, S. et al. Therapiemöglichkeiten bei schweren, intensivpflichtigen Sinus- und Venenthrombosen. Nervenarzt 85, 205–210 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00115-013-3959-5

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00115-013-3959-5

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