Skip to main content
Log in

Parasitäre Erkrankungen des Nervensystems

Parasitic diseases of the central nervous system

  • Leitthema
  • Published:
Der Nervenarzt Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Zusammenfassung

Parasitäre Erkrankungen des Nervensystems sind weltweit verbreitet; sie kommen in kontinentalen oder regionalen Schwerpunkten vor. In Zeiten der Globalisierung der Medizin, Migration und Tourismus sind sie ein wesentlicher Faktor auch in der mitteleuropäischen Neurologie. Eine erhebliche Zahl von Protozoen und Helminthen invadieren direkt das zentrale Nervensystem, sie können aber auch über indirekte Mechanismen (z. B. Mikrozirkulationsstörung, Inflammation, intrakranielle Blutung, raumfordernder Effekt von Granulomen oder Zysten) neurologische Symptome verursachen. Die Kenntnis der klinischen Symptomatik bei entsprechender Expositionsanamnese, insbesondere auch das Wissen um die Zusammenhänge zwischen immunsuppressiven Therapiestrategien und dem Auftreten von parasitären ZNS-Erkrankungen (z. B. Toxoplasma gondii, Strongyloides stercoralis) ermöglicht die in diesen Fällen oft lebensnotwendige frühestmögliche Diagnose und Einleitung einer spezifischen Therapie. In den letzten Jahren haben sich sowohl im spezifischen antihelminthischen bzw. antiprotozoalen Management wesentliche Neuerungen ergeben, aber auch adjuvante therapeutische Strategien konnten im letzten Jahrzehnt zur Verbesserung von Mortalität und Morbidität von ZNS-Parasitosen beitragen.

In dieser Zusammenfassung werden, überwiegend tabellarisch, alle wesentlichen parasitären Erkrankungen (Protozoen und Helminthen) des ZNS dargestellt, ihre Epidemiologie, Diagnostik, klinische Symptomatik und Therapie aufgelistet und adjuvante therapeutische Strategien diskutiert.

Summary

Central nervous system infections and infestations by protozoa and helminths constitute a problem of increasing importance throughout all of central European and northern/western countries. This is partially due to the globalisation of our society, tourists and business people being more frequently exposed to parasitic infection/infestation in tropical countries than in moderate climate countries. On top of that, migrants may import chronic infestations and infections with parasitic pathogens, eventually also – sometimes exclusively – involving the nervous system. Knowledge of epidemiology, initial clinical signs and symptoms, diagnostic procedures as well as specific chemotherapeutic therapies and adjunctive therapeutic strategies is of utmost important in all of these infections and infestations of the nervous systems, be it by protozoa or helminths. This review lists, mainly in the form of tables, all possible infections and infestations of the nervous systems by protozoa and by helminths. Besides differentiating parasitic diseases of the nervous system seen in migrants, tourists etc., it is very important to have in mind that disease-related (e.g. HIV) or iatrogenic immunosuppression has led to the increased occurrence of a wide variety of parasitic infections and infestations of the nervous system (e. g. babesiosis, Chagas disease, Strongyloides stercoralis infestation, toxoplasmosis, etc.).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Abb. 1
Abb. 2
Abb. 3

Literatur

  1. Aka NA, Adoubryn K, Rondelaud D et al (2008) Human paragonimiasis in Africa. Afr J Med 7:153–162

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Beare NA, Hardin SP, Taylor TE et al (2009) Perfusion abnormalities in children wich cerebral malaria and malarial retinopathy. J Infect Dis 199:263–271

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Bisser S, N’Siesi FX, Lejon V et al (2007) Equivalence trial of melarsoprol and nifurtimox monotherapy and combination therapy for the treatment of second-stage Trypanosoma brucei gambiense sleeping sickness. Infect Dis 195:322–329

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Bussaratid V, Desakorn V, Krudsood S et al (2006) Efficacy of ivermectin treatment of cutaneous Gnathostomiasis evaluated by placebo-controlled trial. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 37:433–440

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Casals-Pascual, Idro R, Picot S et al (2009) Can erythropoietin be used to prevent brain damage in cerebral malaria? Trends Parasitol 25:30–36

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Chotmongkol V, Kittimongkolma S, Niwattayakul K et al (2009) Comparison of prednisolone plus albendazole with prednisolone alone for treatment of patients with eosinophilic meningitis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 81:443–445

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Corpelet C, Vacher P, Coudore F et al (2005) Role of quinine in life-threatening Babesia divergens infection successfully treated with clindamycin. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 24:74–75

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Del Brutto OH, Roos KL, Coffey CS et al (2006) Meta-Analysis: Cysticidal drugs for neurocysticercosis: Albendazole and praziquantel. Ann Intern Med 145:43–51

    Google Scholar 

  9. Deo I, Robledo L, Meza A et al (2000) Encephalitis due to a free-living amoeba (Balamuthia mandrillaris), case report with literature review. Surg Neurol 53:611–616

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Diazgranados CA, Saavedra-Trujillo CH, Mantilla M et al (2009) Chagasic encephalitis in HIV patients: common presentation of an evolving epidemiological and clinical association. Lancet Infect Dis 9:324–330

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Dondorp A, Nosten F, Stepniewska K et al (2005) Artesunate versus quinine for treatment of severe falciparum malaria: a randomised trial. Lancet 366:717–725

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Ferrari TC, Moreira PR, Cunha AS (2008) Clinical characterization of neuroschistosomiasis due to Schistosoma mansoni and its treatment. Acta Trop 108:89–97

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Gottstein B, Pozio E, Nöckler K (2009) Epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment, and control of trichinellosis. Clin Microbiol Rev 22:127–145

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Häselbarth K, Tenter AM, Brade V et al (2007) First case of human babesiosis in Germany – Clinical presentation and molecular characterisation of the pathogen. Int J Med Microbiol 297:197–204

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Henríquez Santana A, Villafruela Cives M (2009) Anisakis: past, present and future. Med Clin (Barc) 21(132):400–403

    Google Scholar 

  16. Herman JS, Chiodini PL (2009) Gnathostomiasis, another emerging imported disease. Clin Microbiol Rev 22:484–492

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Igual-Adell R, Oltra-Alcaraz C, Soler-Company E et al (2004) Efficacy and safety of ivermectin and thiabendazole in the treatment of Strongyloides. Expert Opin Pharmacother 5:2615–2619

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Kennedy PG (2004) Human African trypanosomiasis of the CNS: current issues and challenges. J Clin Invest 113:496–504

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Mishra SK, Newton CR (2009) Diagnosis and management of the neurological complications of falciparum malaria. Nat Rev Neurol 5:189–198

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Opigo J, Woodrow C (2009) NECT trial: more than a small victory over sleeping sickness. Lancet 374:7–9

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Ota KV, Dimaras H, Héon E et al (2009) Toxocariasis mimicking liver, lung and spinal cord metastases from retinoblastoma. Pediatr Infect Dis J 28:252–254

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Priotto G, Kasparian S, Mutombo W et al (2009) Nifurtimox-eflornithine combination therapy for second-stage African Trypanosoma brucei gambiense trypanosomiasis: a multicenter, randomised, phase III non-inferiority trial. Lancet 374:56–64

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Procop GW (2009) North American paragonimiasis (caused by Paragonimus kellicotti) in the context of global paragonimiasis. Clin Microbiol Rev 22:415–446

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Sinha S, Sharma BS (2009) Neurocysticercosis: a review of current status and management. J Clin Neurosci 16:867–876

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Schmutzhard E (2006) Protozoal infections. In: Noseworthy JH (ed) Neurological therapeutics – principles and practice. Informa Health Care. Abingdon, Oxon, 1116–1132

  26. Schmutzhard E, Pfausler B (2008) Infektionen des ZNS beim immuninkompetenten Patienten. Nervenarzt 79:93–112

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Turgut M (2002) Hydatidosis of central nervous system and its coverings in the pediatric and adolescent age groups in Turkey during the last century: a critical review of 137 cases. Childs Nerv Syst 18:670–683

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Wang OP, Lai DH, Zhu XQ et al (2008) Human angiostrongyliasis. Lancet Infect Dis 8:621–630

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Wenzler T, Boykin DW, Ismail MA et al (2009) New treatment option for second stage African sleeping sickness: In vitro and in vivo efficacy of aza analogs of DB289. Antimicrob Agents Chemother (Epub ahead of print)

  30. Winkler AS, Blocher J, Auer H et al (2009) Epilepsy and neurocysticercosis in rural Tanzania – An imaging study. Epilepsia 50:987–993

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Interessenkonflikt

Der korrespondierende Autor gibt an, dass kein Interessenkonflikt besteht.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to E. Schmutzhard.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Schmutzhard, E. Parasitäre Erkrankungen des Nervensystems. Nervenarzt 81, 162–171 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00115-009-2853-7

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00115-009-2853-7

Schlüsselwörter

Keywords

Navigation