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Comparisons of dental morphology in river stingrays (Chondrichthyes: Potamotrygonidae) with new fossils from the middle Eocene of Peruvian Amazonia rekindle debate on their evolution

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Abstract

Endemic South American river stingrays (Potamotrygonidae), which include the most diversified living freshwater chondrichthyans, were conspicuously absent from pre-Neogene deposits in South America despite the fact that recent phylogenetic analyses strongly suggest an older origination for this clade. To date, the rare representatives of this family were mostly represented by ambiguous isolated remains. Here, we report 67 isolated fossil teeth of a new obligate freshwater dasyatoid (Potamotrygon ucayalensis nov. sp) from the fossiliferous level CTA-27 (Yahuarango Formation), near Contamana, in the Peruvian Amazonia. We assigned this sample to a new representative of Potamotrygon by comparison with numerous fresh jaws of living specimens of Potamotrygonidae, thus providing the first detailed review of dental morphology for this poorly understood clade. These new fossils fill a long stratigraphic gap by extending the family range down to the middle Eocene (∼41 Mya). Moreover, the relative modernity and diversity in tooth morphology among Eocene freshwater stingrays (including Potamotrygon ucayalensis nov. sp. and coeval North American dasyatoids) indicate that the hypothetically marine ancestor of potamotrygonids probably invaded the rivers earlier than in the middle Eocene. The first potamotrygonids and affiliates were possibly more generalized and less endemic than now, which is consistent with an opportunistic filling of vacated ecospace.

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Acknowledgments

We are grateful to the staff of the Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, for their willingness to provide all the specimens available in the collection. We would particularly like to thank Frederik Mollen (Elasmobranch Research, Belgium) who has been involved in collecting specimens and gracefully opened his private collections. We warmly thank the Canaan Shipibo Native Community and Maple Gas Peru S.A. for access to the field. We are much indebted to Tyson Roberts for fruitful discussion on river stingrays as well as to the handling editor (Sven Thatje) and two anonymous reviewers for improving significantly a previous version of the manuscript. This is ISE-M article 2013-178.

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  1. Institut des Sciences de l’Évolution, UMR-CNRS 5554 CC064, Université Montpellier 2, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095, Montpellier, France

    Sylvain Adnet, Rodolfo Salas Gismondi & Pierre-Olivier Antoine

  2. Departamento de Paleontología de Vertebrados, Museo de Historia Natural-Universidad Nacional Mayor San Marcos, Avenida Arenales, 1256, Lima 11, Peru

    Rodolfo Salas Gismondi

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  1. Sylvain Adnet
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Adnet, S., Salas Gismondi, R. & Antoine, PO. Comparisons of dental morphology in river stingrays (Chondrichthyes: Potamotrygonidae) with new fossils from the middle Eocene of Peruvian Amazonia rekindle debate on their evolution. Naturwissenschaften 101, 33–45 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00114-013-1127-1

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