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Arthroskopisch assistierte Frakturversorgung am oberen Sprunggelenk

Arthroscopically assisted treatment of ankle fractures

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Zusammenfassung

Sprunggelenkfrakturen zählen mit einer Inzidenz von 0,1 − 0,2 % pro Jahr zu den häufigsten Frakturen des Erwachsenen. Die operative Behandlung mit offener Reposition und interner Fixation (ORIF) ist die Standardversorgung für dislozierte oder instabilen Frakturen. Das Ziel der operativen Behandlung besteht in der anatomischen Reposition und Wiederherstellung einer stabilen Gelenkführung. Allerdings führt auch eine optimale Reposition nicht zwangsläufig zu zufriedenstellenden Ergebnissen. Eine Vielzahl an Studien belegt, dass insbesondere die Langzeitergebnisse nach operativer Frakturversorgung häufig unbefriedigend sind. Dies äußert sich in persistierenden Beschwerden wie anhaltenden Schmerzen, Schwellung oder Steifheit. Die Ursache hierfür liegt sehr wahrscheinlich in den begleitenden intraartikulären Verletzungen. Anhand aktueller Studien wird die Rate an frakturassoziierten osteochondralen Läsionen mit ca. 64 % angegeben. Die Schwierigkeit liegt darin, solche Verletzungen präoperativ zu erkennen. Weder durch die klinische Untersuchung noch mit konventionellen Röntgenaufnahmen oder mit der CT-Bildgebung lassen sich diese Verletzungen zuverlässig diagnostizieren. Aus diesem Grund rückt die arthroskopisch assistierte Frakturversorgung (AORIF) zunehmend in den Fokus. Die Arthroskopie ermöglicht im Rahmen der Frakturversorgung sowohl die Kontrolle der Reposition als auch die Beurteilung und Therapie intraartikulärer Pathologien. So können beispielsweise eingeschlagene Bandanteile und freie Gelenkkörper entfernt, instabiler Knorpel débridiert und chondrale Defekte mikrofrakturiert werden. Es gibt keine Hinweise, dass die arthroskopisch assistierte Frakturversorgung die postoperative Komplikationsrate erhöht. Auf der anderen Seite konnte aber auch der positive Effekt der Arthroskopie bisher nicht eindeutig nachgewiesen werden. Dennoch gibt es deutliche Hinweise, dass die arthroskopisch assistierte Frakturversorgung – insbesondere bei komplexen Frakturen – sinnvoll ist.

Abstract

Acute ankle fractures are one of the most common fractures in adults with an incidence of 0.1–0.2 % per year. Operative treatment by open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) is the standard method of treatment for unstable or dislocated fractures. The main goal of the operation is the anatomical realignment of the joint and restoration of ankle stability; nevertheless, anatomical reduction does not automatically lead to favorable clinical results. According to several studies the mid-term and in particular the long-term outcome following operative treatment is often poor with residual symptoms including chronic pain, stiffness, recurrent swelling and ankle instability. There is growing evidence that this poor outcome might be related to occult intra-articular injuries involving cartilage and soft tissues. In recent studies the frequency of fracture-related osteochondral lesions was reported to be approximately 64 %. By physical examination, standard radiography or even computed tomography (CT), these intra-articular pathologies cannot be reliably diagnosed; therefore, many authors emphasize the value of ankle arthroscopy in acute fracture treatment as it has become a safe and effective diagnostic and therapeutic procedure. Arthroscopically assisted open reduction and internal fixation (AORIF) allows control of the reduction as well examination of all intra-articular structures. If necessary, intra-articular pathologies can be addressed by removing ruptured ligaments and loose bodies, performing chondroplasty or microfracturing. So far there is no evidence that supplementary ankle arthroscopy increases the complication rate. On the other hand, the positive effect of AORIF has also not been clearly documented; nevertheless, there are clear indications that arthroscopically assisted fracture treatment is beneficial, especially in complex fractures.

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Correspondence to H. Polzer.

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M. Braunstein, S.F. Baumbach, W. Böcker, W. Mutschler und H. Polzer geben an, dass kein Interessenkonflikt besteht.

Die Patientin, die über das Bildmaterial innerhalb des Manuskripts zu identifizieren ist, hat hierzu ihre schriftliche Einwilligung gegeben. Der Beitrag beinhaltet keine Studien an Menschen oder Tieren.

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H. Polzer, München

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Braunstein, M., Baumbach, S.F., Böcker, W. et al. Arthroskopisch assistierte Frakturversorgung am oberen Sprunggelenk. Unfallchirurg 119, 92–99 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00113-015-0134-4

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