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Körperliches Training und zelluläre Anpassung des Muskels

Exercise and cellular adaptation of muscle

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Zusammenfassung

Ausdauer bzw. Krafttraining induzieren in der Muskelzelle verschiedene Signalwege zur Proteinsynthese. Muskelfasern können die Struktur ihrer schweren Myosinketten in Abhängigkeit von Reiz und Immobilisation in beide Richtungen (I↔IIA↔IIX) anpassen. Exzentrisches Krafttraining ist effektiv und führt zur Neubildung von Sarkomeren in Längsrichtung des Muskels. Die Wirkung erfolgt über die Regeneration der zerstörten Sarkomerstruktur. Konzentrisches Krafttraining führt zur Muskelzellhypertrophie und induziert auch im hohen Alter noch die Proteinsynthese. Der durch Krafttraining aktivierte mTOR-Signalweg wird auch durch freie Aminosäuren stimuliert. Die Anpassung an Ausdauertraining läuft über den Kalzium-Calcineurin-NFATc1-Signalweg. Die Anzahl der Kalziumtransienten, erhöht durch Kontraktionsfrequenz und Trainingsdauer, ist ein wichtiger Stimulus zur Entwicklung der Fasertyp-I-Muskeln. Daher sollte Ausdauertraining durch lange Belastungen von >30 min mit hoher Bewegungsfrequenz dominiert werden. Muskuläre Aktivität, Zellstretch oder Sarkomerrisse können zur Teilung der Satellitenzellen führen. Die Satellitenzelle fusioniert mit der Muskelfaser, der neue Myonukleus wird Teil des Muskelkfasersynzitiums und fördert so die trainingsinduzierte Proteinsynthese. Neue Erkenntnisse der intrazellulären Vorgänge geben Einblick in die direkten Effekte von körperlichem Training, Immobilisation bzw. Alterung auf die Muskelplastizität und körperliche Leistungsfähigkeit.

Abstract

Resistance training and to a lesser extent endurance training are capable of enhancing protein synthesis in skeletal muscle via various signaling pathways. Additionally, the expression of muscle fiber types responds to different regimes of training stimuli and immobilization as characterized by changes in myosin heavy chain isoforms (I↔IIA↔IIX). Eccentric resistance training has been shown to be highly efficient in inducing sarcomeric protein assembly in the longitudinal orientation of muscle cells. However, concentric contractions lead to a hypertrophic response (increased fiber diameter) in muscle which can still be activated in old age. The central signaling pathway to mediate the elevation of protein synthesis in response to training is the mTOR pathway, which is also stimulated by free amino acids. Moreover, adaptation to endurance training is mediated by the calcium-calcineurin-NFATc1 pathway which is strongly activated by the calcium transients involved in the muscle contraction process. High contraction frequency and long duration of training sessions are essential for activation and maintenance of fiber type I expression as well as for induction of transformation of type II into type I fibers. Endurance training sessions should therefore be longer than 30 min and dominated by periods of high frequency contractions. A further factor in the muscular response to training includes the recruitment and integration of satellite cells into muscle fibers. Satellite cells can respond to muscular stretch, activity and injury with increased proliferation and can later be integrated into muscle fibers. Therefore, new myonuclei are available to enhance mRNA synthesis and protein expression in muscle cells. New understanding of the cellular mechanisms of signal transduction in muscle in response to training, bed rest and ageing will help to optimize training and interventions in an ageing population.

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Danksagung

Wir danken Yu et al. für die Erlaubnis zur Darstellung seiner Originalabbildungen und Herrn N. Gütt, Herrn P. Mateo und Herrn M. Kück für ihre Unterstützung bei der Manuskripterstellung.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institut für Sportmedizin, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover , Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Deutschland

    U. Tegtbur

  2. Institut für Sportmedizin, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, Deutschland

    M.W. Busse

  3. School of Sport, Health and Exercise Science - George Building Bangor, University of Bangor, Bangor, Wales, UK

    H.P. Kubis

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  1. U. Tegtbur
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  2. M.W. Busse
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  3. H.P. Kubis
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Correspondence to U. Tegtbur.

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Tegtbur, U., Busse, M. & Kubis, H. Körperliches Training und zelluläre Anpassung des Muskels. Unfallchirurg 112, 365–372 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00113-009-1627-9

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