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Bildgebende Diagnostik bei Kindern mit Nierenzysten und Zystennieren

Diagnostic imaging in children with kidney cysts and cystic kidney diseases

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Zusammenfassung

Bei Kindern mit zystischen Nierenerkrankungen oder Nierenzysten ist die Sonographie die diagnostische Bildgebung der Wahl; andere bildgebende Methoden sind meist entbehrlich. Eigen- und Familienanamnese sowie körperliche Untersuchung liefern wichtige ergänzende Hinweise.

Bei vorliegender autosomal-rezessiver polyzystischer Nierendegeneration (ARPKD) liefert die Sonographie den pathognomonischen Befund: Beidseitig deutlich vergrößerte Nieren mit aufgehobener Mark-Rinden-Differenzierung und unzähligen kleinsten Zysten werden oft bereits intrauterin erkannt. Im Fall der autosomal-dominanten polyzystischen Nierendegeneration (ADPKD) dagegen treten einzelne Makrozysten mit oder ohne begleitende arterielle Hypertonie meist erst in der späteren Kindheit auf. Ein diagnostisches Screening von symptomfreien Kindern, deren Eltern von ADPKD betroffen sind, muss im Vorfeld kritisch mit den Familien diskutiert werden.

Bei der multizystisch-dysplastischen Niere ist das ganze Parenchym durch multiple Makrozysten ersetzt, die sich spontan zurückbilden. Das Risiko für einen vesikoureterorenalen Reflux der gesunden Gegenseite beträgt etwa 30 %; ohne Harnwegsinfektionen ist eine bildgebende Untersuchung zum Refluxausschluss aber entbehrlich.

Die Nierendysplasie mit Zysten zeichnet sich durch ein eingeschränkt funktionsfähiges Parenchym aus. Eine bilaterale Erkrankung kann zur chronischen Niereninsuffizienz führen. Sie tritt sowohl isoliert als auch im Rahmen verschiedenster Syndrome auf. Einige Ziliopathien, wie die Nephronophthise oder das Bardet-Biedl-Syndrom, gehen bei vielen, aber nicht allen Patienten mit dem Auftreten kleinerer Zysten einher.

Bei Verdacht auf Malignität der seltenen Zysten mit Septen und soliden oder perfundierten Anteilen kann eine ergänzende kontrastmittelgestützte Magnetresonanztomographie sinnvoll sein. Die kontrastmittelgestützte Sonographie ist bei Erwachsenen mit komplexen Zysten hilfreich, aber es gibt noch keine systematischen Erfahrungen bei Kindern.

Abstract

Ultrasound is the preferred imaging modality for diagnosing kidney cysts and cystic kidney diseases in children and additional imaging is only rarely needed. Patient and family history as well as a physical examination provide important additional information for the diagnosis.

Ultrasound findings are pathognomonic in autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD) with bilaterally enlarged kidneys without corticomedullary differentiation caused by a multitude of minute cysts, which can often be detected before birth. Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) on the other hand is characterized by the gradual appearance of larger cysts in later childhood, which can be accompanied by arterial hypertension. Before diagnostic screening of asymptomatic children whose parents are affected by ADPKD, the implications should be thoroughly discussed with the whole family.

In multicystic dysplastic kidneys the whole parenchyma is replaced by multiple large cysts, which gradually involute. The risk of vesicoureteral reflux on the healthy contralateral side is approximately 30%; however, routine imaging for reflux is not necessary in the absence of urinary tract infections.

In renal dysplasia with cysts the parenchyma is abnormal with impaired function. Bilateral disease may therefore lead to chronic kidney disease. It occurs both isolated and as part of numerous syndromes. Some ciliopathies, such as nephronophthisis or Bardet-Biedl syndrome, are accompanied by smaller cysts in many but not all patients.

The rare case of suspicion of malignancy in complex cysts with septations and solid or perfused components, additional imaging, such as contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging is necessary. In adults with complex cysts contrast-enhanced ultrasound is also useful but it has not been systematically evaluated in children.

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Notes

  1. 99mTc-Mercaptoacetyltriglycin

  2. „Cerebellar vermis aplasia, oligophrenia, congenital ataxia, coloboma and hepatic fibrosis“.

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Correspondence to C. Gimpel MB BChir MA.

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C. Gimpel und D. Franke geben an, dass kein Interessenkonflikt besteht.

Dieser Beitrag beinhaltet keine von den Autoren durchgeführten Studien an Menschen oder Tieren.

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Gimpel, C., Franke, D. Bildgebende Diagnostik bei Kindern mit Nierenzysten und Zystennieren. Monatsschr Kinderheilkd 167, 530–538 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00112-019-0672-x

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