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Individuelle Therapiestrategien bei Clostridium-difficile-Infektionen

Individualized treatment strategies for Clostridium difficile infections

  • Schwerpunkt: Individualisierte Infektionsmedizin
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Zusammenfassung

Bei Krankenhausaufnahme sind bereits bis zu 15,5 % der Patienten mit einem toxinbildenden C lostridium- difficile-Stamm besiedelt. Die Rate der asymptomatischen Kolonisierung beträgt 0–3 % bei gesunden Erwachsenen und 20–40 % bei hospitalisierten Patienten. Inzidenz und Mortalität der C. - difficile-Infektion (CDI) sind in den letzten Jahren deutlich gestiegen. Die Sterblichkeit beträgt 3–14 %. Eine CDI wird generell durch eine intestinale Dysbiose hervorgerufen, die unter anderem durch Antibiotika oder Immunsuppressiva ausgelöst werden kann. Bei Auftreten einer CDI sollte eine laufende antibiotische Therapie beendet werden. Die antibiotische Therapie orientiert sich an der klinischen Situation: Bei milden Verläufen ist Metronidazol Mittel der Wahl. Orales Vancomycin eignet sich für die Erstlinientherapie einer milden CDI in Schwangerschaft und Stillzeit sowie bei Intoleranz oder Allergie gegenüber Metronidazol. Bei schweren Verläufen ist Vancomycin überlegen. Ein Rezidiv sollte mit Vancomycin und Fidaxomicin therapiert werden. Bei multiplen Rezidiven ist Vancomycin oder Fidaxomicin eine Therapieoption, limitierte Daten existieren auch zu Vancomycinausschleichschemata. Eine Alternative ist der fäkale Mikrobiotatransfer mit Heilungsraten über 80 %. Mit Bezlotoxumab wurde kürzlich der erste monoklonale Antikörper zugelassen, der das C. - difficile-Toxin B neutralisiert und in Kombination mit einem Antibiotikum im Vergleich zu Placebo das Risiko einer erneuten C. - difficile-Infektion senken kann. Eine verbesserte Definition von klinischen und mikrobiotaassoziierten Risikofaktoren sowie die zunehmende Implementierung molekularer Diagnostik könnten eine optimierte Identifikation von Risikopatienten sowie eine weiterführende Individualisierung der Prophylaxe und Therapie ermöglichen.

Abstract

Upon hospitalization, up to 15.5% of patients are already colonized with a toxigenic Clostridium difficile strain (TCD). The rate of asymptomatic colonization is 0–3% in healthy adults and up to 20–40% in hospitalized patients. The incidence and mortality of C. difficile infection (CDI) has significantly increased during recent years. Mortality lies between 3 and 14%. CDI is generally caused by intestinal dysbiosis, which can be triggered by various factors, including antibiotics or immune suppressants. If CDI occurs, ongoing antibiotic therapy should be discontinued. The choice of treatment is guided by the clinical situation: Mild courses of CDI should be treated with metronidazole. Oral vancomycin is suitable as a first-line therapy of mild CDI occurring during pregnancy and lactation, as well as in cases of intolerance or allergy to metronidazole. Severe courses should be treated with vancomycin. Recurrence should be treated with vancomycin or fidaxomicin. Multiple recurrences should be treated with vancomycin or fidaxomicin; if necessary, a vancomycin taper regimen may also be used. An alternative is fecal microbiota transplant (FMT), with healing rates of more than 80%. Bezlotoxumab is the first available monoclonal antibody which neutralizes the C. difficile toxin B, and in combination with an antibiotic significantly reduces the rate of a new C. difficile infection compared to placebo. A better definition of clinical and microbiota-associated risk factors and the ongoing implementation of molecular diagnostics are likely to lead to optimized identification of patients at risk, and an increasing individualization of prophylactic and therapeutic approaches.

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Correspondence to P. Solbach.

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Interessenkonflikt

P. Solbach und P. Dersch geben an, dass kein Interessenkonflikt besteht. Oliver Bachmann weist auf folgende Beziehungen hin: Beratertätigkeit bei Astellas, Beratertätigkeit und Vortragshonorare bei MSD, Beratertätigkeit bei Pfizer.

Dieser Beitrag beinhaltet keine von den Autoren durchgeführten Studien an Menschen oder Tieren.

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D. Heinz, Braunschweig

M.P. Manns, Hannover

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Solbach, P., Dersch, P. & Bachmann, O. Individuelle Therapiestrategien bei Clostridium-difficile-Infektionen. Internist 58, 675–681 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00108-017-0268-2

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