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Diabetische Nephropathie

Aktuelle Diagnostik und Therapie

Diabetic nephropathy

Current diagnostics and treatment

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Zusammenfassung

Zu den häufigsten Ursachen einer chronischen Nierenfunktionsstörung in Deutschland gehört die diabetische Nephropathie. Eine Albuminurie ist ein früher diagnostischer Indikator für das Vorliegen einer renalen Schädigung bei Diabetes mellitus und stellt, wie die Niereninsuffizienz selbst, einen eigenständigen kardiovaskulären Risikofaktor dar. Die frühzeitige Diagnose der diabetischen Nephropathie und die frühe Einleitung einer effektiven Therapie sind entscheidend für die Reduktion der kardiovaskulären Sterblichkeit. Dies beinhaltet die Vermeidung chronischer Hyperglykämien durch zielgerichtete Optimierung des HbA1c-Werts auf < 7 %. Der Blutdruck sollte auf < 140/90 mmHg gesenkt werden, eine strengere Absenkung ist bei Vorliegen einer Proteinurie gerechtfertigt. Als favorisierte Antihypertensiva gelten weiterhin Angiotensin-converting-enzyme(ACE)-Hemmer oder AT1-Rezeptor-Antagonisten. Die Kombination eines ACE-Hemmers mit einem AT1-Rezeptor-Blocker oder Renininhibitor bei hoher Proteinurie führt nicht zur Besserung der kardiovaskulären Mortalität, sondern erhöht sogar die Gefahr relevanter Nebenwirkungen wie Hyperkaliämie und Nierenversagen. Eine lipidsenkende medikamentöse Therapie, in der Regel mit Statinen, ist bereits ab einer Niereninsuffizienz in Stadium I von Vorteil. Die Vitamin-D-Rezeptor-Aktivierung und Harnsäuresenkung könnten zukünftig eine Rolle in der Therapie spielen. Die pharmakologische Beeinflussung inflammatorischer Signalwege scheint experimentell aussichtsreich, hat jedoch bislang keinen Einzug in die klinische Praxis gefunden.

Abstract

Diabetic kidney disease is a leading cause of renal failure in Germany. Albuminuria is an early diagnostic indicator of renal damage in diabetes and, aside from renal failure, a major risk factor of cardiovascular disease. An early diagnosis of diabetic kidney disease is of great importance to reduce associated cardiovascular mortality; glycemic control should aim for HbA1c levels of < 7 %. Guidelines on blood pressure differ, but it should generally be reduced to < 140/90 mmHg; stricter limits should be applied if albuminuria is present. ACE inhibitors (ACE-I) or angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB) should be preferred for blood pressure control. A combination of ACE-Is and ARBs or a renin-inhibitor therapy does not improve cardiovascular outcome, instead it increases the rate of adverse events, e.g., hyperkalemia or renal failure. Lipid control, usually with statins, should be started at an early phase of renal failure. Vitamin D receptor activation and uric acid reduction might play a future role in the treatment of diabetic kidney disease. Pharmacological modification of inflammatory signaling appears to be promising but is not yet of clinical relevance.

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Einhaltung ethischer Richtlinien

Interessenkonflikt. S. Werth, H. Lehnert und J. Steinhoff geben an, dass kein Interessenkonflikt besteht.

Der Beitrag beinhaltet keine Studien an Menschen oder Tieren.

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Correspondence to J. Steinhoff.

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Werth, S., Lehnert, H. & Steinhoff, J. Diabetische Nephropathie. Internist 56, 513–519 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00108-014-3629-0

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