Zusammenfassung
Vorhofflimmern ist eine häufige, in den meisten Fällen chronisch-rezidivierende Rhythmusstörung, die die Sterblichkeit erhöhen kann und im Einzelfall schwere Symptome verursacht. Zur Verhinderung thrombembolischer Komplikationen ist bei gefährdeten Patienten eine frühe und dauerhafte orale Antikoagulation indiziert; diese Patienten können anhand von klinischen Faktoren in Form von Risiko-Scores, z. B. durch den CHADS2- oder den Framingham-Score, identifiziert werden. Die medikamentöse Senkung der Kammerfrequenz durch Hemmung der AV-Knoten-Leitung lindert die Symptome, wenn eine zu hohe Kammerfrequenz bei Vorhofflimmern besteht. Therapeutisch sollte zumindest eine solche Behandlung mit frequenzregulierenden Medikamenten erfolgen, die die AV-Knoten-Leitung verlangsamen. Durch eine Kardioversion kann Vorhofflimmern in fast allen Fällen akut beendet werden. Viele Patienten mit Vorhofflimmern erleiden jedoch Vorhofflimmerrezidive, deren Verhinderung („rhythmuserhaltende Behandlung“) vor allem bei Patienten, die sehr unter dem Vorhofflimmern leiden, Ziel der Behandlung ist. Dies gelingt jedoch nur bei einem Teil der Patienten. Durch Antiarrhythmika kann die Wahrscheinlichkeit, den Sinusrhythmus zu erhalten, etwa verdoppelt werden. Auch primär nicht als Antiarrhythmika entwickelte Substanzen wie ACE-Hemmer und Sartane können bei bestimmten Patientengruppen zusätzlich dazu beitragen, Vorhofflimmerrezidive zu verhindern. Zusätzlich steht seit wenigen Jahren die Katheterablation mit Isolierung der Pulmonalvenen zur Verfügung, die einige Formen von Vorhofflimmern heilen kann. In der Zukunft wird sich wahrscheinlich eine multimodale rhythmuserhaltende Behandlung von Vorhofflimmern mit Einsatz all dieser Therapieansätze entwickeln, um Vorhofflimmerrezidive effektiver zu verhindern.
Abstract
Atrial fibrillation is a common and in most patients recurrent arrhythmia. Atrial fibrillation can increase mortality and causes at times severe symptoms in affected patients. Timely initiation of sustained oral anticoagulation is indicated in patients with atrial fibrillation at risk for stroke to prevent thromboembolic complications. Patients at risk for stroke can be identified by clinical characteristics using validated score systems, e.g., the CHADS2 score or the Framingham score. Drugs that slow AV nodal conduction can improve symptoms associated with high ventricular rate. Cardioversion can acutely terminate atrial fibrillation in almost all patients, but many patients suffer from recurrent atrial fibrillation. The prevention of arrhythmia recurrences (“rhythm control therapy”) is indicated in patients with severe arrhythmia-related symptoms. Antiarrhythmic drugs can approximately double the maintenance rate of sinus rhythm. Other drugs that were not primarily developed as antiarrhythmic agents, e.g., ACE inhibitors, sartans, and possibly statins, can further improve maintenance of sinus rhythm in selected patient groups. Catheter-based isolation of the pulmonary veins is a recently developed intervention that can cure some forms of atrial fibrillation. It is likely that a multimodal therapeutic approach will in the future allow rhythm control therapy to become more effective.
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Kirchhof, P., Breithardt, G. Therapie von Vorhofflimmern. Internist 48, 819–831 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00108-007-1899-5
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00108-007-1899-5
Schlüsselwörter
- Vorhofflimmern
- Antiarrhythmika
- Risiko-Scores
- Frequenzregulierende Medikamente
- Kardioversion
- Katheterablation