Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Geschichte und Definition(en) des metabolischen Syndroms

History and definition(s) of metabolic syndrome

  • Schwerpunkt: Metabolisches Syndrom
  • Published:
Der Internist Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Zusammenfassung

Das metabolische Syndrom – ein Cluster von Stoffwechselkrankheiten und Hypertonie – ist keine neue Krankheit, sondern lässt sich bereits in allen Hochkulturen bei der Oberschicht mit Nahrungsüberschuss und Bewegungsmangel nachweisen. In der medizinischen Literatur taucht es in der Renaissance- und Barockzeit auf. Gegenwärtig erleben wir einen globalen Tsunami, da Überernährung und Bewegungsmangel typisch für breite Schichten der Bevölkerung geworden sind. Das metabolische Syndrom umfasst in den aktuellen Definitionen der AHA/NHBLI und der IDF das Quartett zentrale Adipositas, erhöhter Blutdruck, erhöhter Blutzucker und Dyslipidämie (Hypertriglyzeridämie, niedriges HDL-Cholesterin). Damit wird eine einfache ganzheitliche Diagnostik und Therapie dieses eng vernetzten Bündels von Krankheiten/Risikofaktoren möglich.

Abstract

Metabolic syndrome – a cluster of metabolic diseases and hypertension – is not a new disease. It has been present in the upper classes of all highly developed cultures suffering from over-nutrition and limited physical activity. In the medical literature, it can be found in Renaissance and Baroque times. We are presently experiencing a global tsunami of this syndrome as over-nutrition and lack of movement are typical for large groups of the population. The current definition of metabolic syndrome of the American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute and the International Diabetes Federation incorporates the quartet central obesity, hypertension, increased blood sugar and dyslipidemia (hypertriglyceridemia, low HDL cholesterol). Thus, simple, collective diagnostics and therapy for this finely meshed group of diseases together with its risk factors is possible.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Abb. 1
Abb. 2
Abb. 3
Abb. 4

Literatur

  1. Maranon G (1922) Über Hypertonie und Zuckerkrankheit. Z Inn Med 43: 169–176

    Google Scholar 

  2. Kylin E (1923) Studien über das Hypertonie-Hyperglykaemie-Hyperurikaemie-Syndrom. Z Inn Med 44: 105–127

    Google Scholar 

  3. Vague J (1956) The degree of masculine differentiation of obesities: a factor determining predisposition to diabetes, atherosclerosis, gout, and uric calculous disease. Am J Clin Nutrition 4: 20–27

    Google Scholar 

  4. Camus JP (1966) Goutte, diabete, hyperlipemie: un trisyndrome metabolique. Rev Rhum Mal Osteoartic 33: 10–14

    Google Scholar 

  5. Avogaro P, Crepaldi G (1965) Essential hyperlipidemia, obesity and diabetes. First meeting of the Association of the Study of Diabetes, Montecatini (Italy)

  6. Jahnke K, Daweke H, Liebermeister H et al. (1969) Hormonal and metabolic aspects of obesity in humans. Proceedings of the 6th Congress of the International Diabetes Federation, J. Östman (Ed). Excerpta Medica Foundation, Amsterdam 37: 1595–1607

  7. Haller H (1977) Epidemiology and associated risk factors of hyperlipoproteinemia. Z Gesamte Inn Med 32: 124–128

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Hanefeld M, Leonhardt W (1981) Das metabolische Syndrom. Dt Gesundh Wesen 36: 545–551

    Google Scholar 

  9. Reaven GM (1988) Banting lecture 1988. Role of insulin resistance in human disease. Diabetes 37: 1595–1607

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Ferrannini E, Haffner SM, Mitchell BD et al. (1991) Hyperinsulinaemia: the key feature of a cardiovascular and metabolic syndrome. Diabetologia 34: 416–422

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Haffner SM, Valdez RA, Hazuda HP et al. (1992) Prospective analysis of the insulin-resistance syndrome (syndrome X). Diabetes 41: 715–722

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. DeFronzo RA, Ferrannini E (1991) Insulin resistance: a multifaceted syndrome responsible for NIDDM, obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Diabetes Care 14: 173–194

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Björntorp P (1988) Abdominal obesity and the development of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Metab Rev 4: 615–622

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Boden G, Chen X, Ruiz J et al. (1994) Mechanisms of fatty acid-induced inhibition of glucose uptake. JCI 93: 2438–2446

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. McGarry JD (1992) What if Minkowski had been ageusic? An alternative angle on diabetes. Science 258: 766–770

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Festa A, Hanley AJ, Tracy RP et al. (2003) Inflammation in the prediabetic state is related to increased insulin resistance rather than decreased insulin secretion. Circulation 108: 1822–1830

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Shanmugam N, Reddy MA, Guha M et al. (2003) High glucose-induced expression of proinflammatory cytokine and chemokine genes in monocytic cells. Diabetes 52: 1256–1264

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Matsuzawa Y, Funahashi, T, Kihara S et al. (2004) Adiponectin and metabolic syndrome. Arteriscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2004 24: 29–33

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Yudkin JS, Juhan-Vague I, Hawe E et al.; The HIFMECH Study Group (2004) Low-grade inflammation may play a role in the etiology of the metabolic syndrome in patients with coronary heart disease: the HIFMECH study. Metabolism 53: 852–857

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Ridker PM, Buring JE, Cook NR et al. (2003) C-reactive protein, the metabolic syndrome, and risk of incident cardiovascular events: an 8-year follow-up of 14 719 initially healthy American women. Circulation 107: 391–397

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Heiskanen TH, Niskanen LK, Hintikka JJ et al. (2006) Metabolic syndrome and depression: a cross-sectional analysis. J Clin Psychiatry 67: 1422–1427

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. WHO Consultation (1999) Definition, diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus and its complications. Part 1: Diagnosis and classification of Diabetes mellitus. World Health Organisation, Geneva, pp 1–59

    Google Scholar 

  23. Pouliot MC, Despres JP, Nadeau A et al. (1992) Visceral obesity in men: associations with glucose tolerance, plasma insulin, and lipoprotein levels. Diabetes 41: 826–834

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Yusuf S, Hawken S, Ounpuu S et al.; INTERHEART Study Investigators (2005) Obesity and the risk of myocardial infarction in 27,000 participants from 52 countries: a case-control study. Lancet 366: 1640–1649

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Expert Panel on detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults (2001) Executive summary of the third report of the National cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults (Adult treatment panel III). JAMA 285: 2486–2497

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Grundy SM, Cleeman JI, Daniels SR et al. (2005) Diagnosis and management of the metabolic syndrome: an American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute scientific statement. Circulation 112: 2735–2752

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Alberti KG, Zimmet P, Shaw J; IDF Epidemiology Task Force Consensus Group (2005) The metabolic syndrome – a new worldwide definition. Lancet 366: 1059–1062

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Diskussions-Entwurf für eine Praxis-Leitlinie Metabolisches Syndrom. Fachkommission Diabetes Sachsen. März 2006

  29. Kahn R, Buse J, Ferrannini E et al.; American Diabetes Association; European Association for the Study of Diabetes (2005) The metabolic syndrome: time for a critical appraisal: joint statement from the American Diabetes Association and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes. Diabetes Care 28: 2289–2304

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Gale EA (2005) The myth of the metabolic syndrome. Diabetologia 48: 1679–1683

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Hanefeld M, Koehler C, Benke I et al. (2006) Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome and its association with vascular diseases in type 2 diabetes: The Diabetes in Germany (DIG) Study. Diabetes Care: submitted

    Google Scholar 

  32. Koehler C, Ott P, Benke I et al.; the DIG study group (2006) Comparison of the WHO, AHA/NHLBI and IDF definitions of the metabolic syndrome in a German population based study with type 2 diabetes (Abstract). IMS 2006, Dresden

  33. Stern MP (1995) Diabetes and cardiovascular disease: the „common soil“ hypothesis. Diabetes 44: 369–374

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Interessenkonflikt

Es besteht kein Interessenkonflikt. Der korrespondierende Autor versichert, dass keine Verbindungen mit einer Firma, deren Produkt in dem Artikel genannt ist, oder einer Firma, die ein Konkurrenzprodukt vertreibt, bestehen. Die Präsentation des Themas ist unabhängig und die Darstellung der Inhalte produktneutral.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Zentrum für Klinische Studien, Forschungsbereich Endokrinologie und Stoffwechsel, GWT-TUD GmbH, 01307 , Fiedlerstraße 34, Dresden, Deutschland

    M. Hanefeld & F. Schaper

  2. Clinical Sciences Research Institute, Warwick Medical School, Warwick, Großbritannien

    A. Ceriello

Authors
  1. M. Hanefeld
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. F. Schaper
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. A. Ceriello
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to M. Hanefeld.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Hanefeld, M., Schaper, F. & Ceriello, A. Geschichte und Definition(en) des metabolischen Syndroms. Internist 48, 117–125 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00108-006-1786-5

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00108-006-1786-5

Schlüsselwörter

Keywords

Search

Navigation