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Das pulmorenale Syndrom

Pulmonary-renal syndrome

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Zusammenfassung

Das pulmorenale Syndrom ist ein potenziell lebensbedrohliches Krankheitsbild, das mit einer diffusen alveolären Hämorrhagie auf der Basis einer pulmonalen Kapillaritis und einer rapid progressiven Glomerulonephritis einhergeht. Die zugrunde liegenden Erkrankungen sind in der Regel systemische Autoimmunerkrankungen, in etwa 60% der Fälle ANCA-assoziierte Vaskulitiden und 20% Goodpasture-Syndrom, seltener systemischer Lupus erythematodes und andere Vaskulitiden. Bei fulminantem Verlauf kann die pulmorenale Kapillaritis zum akuten Organversagen führen, subtile pulmonale Verläufe lassen sich nur mittels broncho-alveolärer Lavage nachweisen. Die Nierenbiopsie zeigt eine extrakapillär proliferierende Glomerulonephritis, die Immunhistologie unterstützt die Eingrenzung der Grunderkrankung. Die Autoantikörperdiagnostik beschleunigt die Diagnosestellung, verkürzt die Latenz bis zum Therapiebeginn und verbessert so die Prognose signifikant. Der Eckpfeiler der Therapie ist die Immunsuppression mit Cyclophosphamid und Glukokortikoiden, beim Goodpasture-Syndrom ergänzt durch Plasmapherese. Supportive Maßnahmen wie überbrückende Beatmung und Dialysebehandlung haben die Mortalität des pulmorenalen Syndroms weiter reduziert.

Abstract

Pulmonary-renal syndrome is a potentially life-threatening disorder, characterized by diffuse alveolar hemorrhage on the basis of pulmonary capillaritis in conjunction with rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis. Pulmonary-renal syndrome can originate from various systemic autoimmune diseases. ANCA-associated vasculitides account for approximately 60%, Goodpasture’s Syndrome for approximately 20% of the cases. Fulminant pulmonary capillaritis can result in acute respiratory failure, more subtle courses are only detected by bronchoalveolar lavage. Renal biopsy displays extracapillary proliferating glomerulonephritis and renal immunohistology facilitates detection of the underlying systemic disease. By accelerating the diagnosis of the specific underlying disease, autoantibody testing fosters rapid intiation of treatment and thereby significantly improved the prognosis of pulmonary-renal syndrome. Intense immunosuppression with cyclophosphamide and glucocorticoids, augmented by plasmapheresis in the event of Goodpastures’s syndrome, is the mainstay of therapy. Supportive measures as temporary ventilation and hemodialysis have further reduced mortality.

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de Groot, K., Schnabel, A. Das pulmorenale Syndrom. Internist 46, 769–782 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00108-005-1423-8

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00108-005-1423-8

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