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Placeboeffekt in Studien zur allergenspezifischen Immuntherapie mit Inhalationsallergenen

Placebo effect in clinical trials with allergen-specific immunotherapy with inhalant allergens

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Zusammenfassung

Placeboeffekte spielen bei der Therapie allergischer Erkrankungen eine wesentliche Rolle. In dieser Arbeit wurden die doppelblind-placebokontrollierten Studien zur allergenspezifischen Immuntherapie (ASIT) mit Inhalationsallergenen (Birke, Gräser, Milben), die in den im Juli 2016 aktualisierten Tabellen zur deutschen S2k-Leitlinie zur ASIT IgE-vermittelter Erkrankungen aufgelistet werden, gezielt hinsichtlich ihrer beschriebenen Placeboeffekte analysiert. Als Placebo wurde meist Verum ohne Allergen eingesetzt, bei subkutaner Applikation teilweise Histamin zugefügt. Detaillierte Aussagen zum reinen Placeboeffekt sind in keiner der untersuchten 33 Studien zu finden. Lediglich in einer Studie wurde der Symptom-Medikations-Score (SMS) in einer adäquaten Baseline-Periode untersucht. Ein unbehandelter Arm war in keiner Studie zu finden. Indirekte Hinweise zeigen bei retrospektiven, subjektiven Parametern deutliche Placeboeffekte bei bis zu 77 % der Probanden. Bekannte Einflussfaktoren auf den Placeboeffekt wie Alter, Geschlecht, Applikationsart/Zusammensetzung des Placebos, individuelle und kulturelle Unterschiede, Symptomschwere zu Beginn und Wahrscheinlichkeit, das Verum zu erhalten, wurden nicht adressiert und konnten anhand der verfügbaren Daten nicht bewertet werden. Zusammenfassend wurde der Placeboeffekt in ASIT-Studien bisher nicht ausreichend untersucht. Trotz des erheblichen Zeit- und Kostenaufwands sollten zukünftige ASIT-Studien den SMS in einer adäquaten Baseline-Periode vor Studienbeginn erheben und möglichst einen unbehandelten Vergleichsarm integrieren. Ein besseres Verständnis der Placeboeffekte in Studien zur allergenspezifischen Immuntherapie wird zu einem optimierten Studiendesign und einer verbesserten Einschätzung des Therapieeffekts führen.

Abstract

Placebo effects play an important role in the treatment of allergic diseases. Therefore, in this study, we analysed the described effects of placebo in all double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trials of allergen-specific immunotherapy (ASIT) with inhalant allergens (birch, grass, house dust mites) listed in the tables (updated July 2016) attached to the German S2k guideline on allergen-specific immunotherapy in IgE-mediated allergic diseases. The most common placebo consisted of verum without allergen, but when the subcutaneous route was used, histamine was sometimes added. From the 33 studies analysed no conclusions could be drawn regarding the pure placebo effect. The symptom medication score (SMS) from an adequate baseline period was described in one single study. An untreated population was not included in any study. Indirect evidence points to substantial placebo effects in up to 77% of the subjects with respect to retrospective, subjective parameters. Well-known factors influencing the placebo effect such as age, gender, application route/composition of the placebo, individual and cultural differences, severity of symptoms at the beginning and the probability of receiving verum have not been addressed regarding ASIT and could not be estimated from available data. Taken together regarding ASIT the placebo effect has been investigated inadequately. In spite of significant expenditure of time and costs future ASIT studies should include assessment of the SMS in an adequate baseline period and preferably include an untreated trial arm. A better understanding of placebo effects in ASIT trials will improve the design of clinical trials and the assessment of therapeutic effects.

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Correspondence to B. Wedi.

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Interessenkonflikt

B. Wedi erhielt Vortragshonorare bzw. Honorare für Advisory Boards der Firmen ALK-Abéllo, Astellas, Celgene, Dr. Pfleger, HAL Allergy, Novartis, Shire, Stallergenes, Viropharma. D. Wieczorek erhielt Vortragshonorare der Firmen ALK-Abéllo und Novartis. A. Kapp erhielt Vortragshonorare von der Firma ALK-Abéllo.

Dieser Beitrag beinhaltet keine von den Autoren durchgeführten Studien an Menschen oder Tieren.

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Für sämtliche Referenzen in den Tabellen 1 bis 6 (Erstautor und Publikationsjahr) und Bezug auf diese Originalpublikationen im Text wird aus Platzgründen auf die frei zugänglichen Tabellen in der Leitlinie ([13] bzw. www.dgaki.de) verwiesen.

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Wedi, B., Wieczorek, D. & Kapp, A. Placeboeffekt in Studien zur allergenspezifischen Immuntherapie mit Inhalationsallergenen. Hautarzt 68, 297–306 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00105-017-3937-0

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00105-017-3937-0

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