Zusammenfassung
Die Pigmentierung der menschlichen Haut ist individuell unterschiedlich und wird von über 100 Genen reguliert. Die Entdeckung zahlreicher dieser Gene, hat das Verständnis der molekularen Grundlagen und Ätiopathogenese von genetisch bedingten Pigmentstörungen deutlich verbessert. Diese treten selten auf und können durch veränderte Melanozytenzahl, Funktionsstörung der Melaninsynthese sowie durch Störung von Reifung, Transport und Transfer der Melanozyten hervorgerufen werden. Pigmentstörungen werden in Hyper- und Hypopigmentierungen sowie nach ihrer Verteilung in diffus und umschrieben unterteilt. Umschriebene Hypopigmentierungen kommen beim Piebaldismus, Waardenburg- und Tietz-Syndrom vor, während diffuse Hypopigmentierungen beim okulokutanen Albinismus, Hermansky-Pudlak-Syndrom, Chediak-Higashi- und Griscelli-Syndrom zu finden sind. Hyperpigmentierungen können diffus, retikulär oder lokalisiert auftreten. Dabei steht die Abgrenzung zu Endokrinopathien, die mit Hyperpigmentierung einhergehen, und zu Syndromen mit Beteiligung innerer Organe im Vordergrund.
Abstract
Pigmentation in human skin differs individually and is regulated by more than 100 genes. The discovery of an increasing number of these genes has shed light on the molecular basis and pathogenesis of genetic pigmentary disorders. They are very rare and can be caused by changes in melanocyte number or melanin synthesis as well as development, transport and transfer of melanosomes. Pigmentary disorders can be divided into hyper- and hypopigmentation, of which the distribution can be diffuse or localized. Localized hypopigmentation can be found in piebaldism, Waardenburg syndrome and Tietz syndrome, whereas diffuse forms are typical for oculocutaneous albinism, Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome, Chediak-Higashi syndrome and Griscelli syndrome. Hyperpigmentation can be divided into diffuse, reticular or localized forms. They must be distinguished from endocrinopathies which may show hyperpigmentation, and from poikilodermatous syndromes displaying internal involvement.
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Giehl, K., Braun-Falco, M. Genetisch bedingte Pigmentstörungen. Hautarzt 61, 567–577 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00105-009-1917-8
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00105-009-1917-8