Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Androgenetische Alopezie

  • Weiterbildung: Zertifizierte Fortbildung
  • Published:
Der Hautarzt Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Zusammenfassung

Die androgenetische Alopezie ist bei Frauen und Männern die häufigste Form von Haarverlust. Wenngleich sich der Haarausfall bei Frau und Mann klinisch unterschiedlich manifestiert, so sind dennoch die zugrunde liegenden, zur Alopezie führenden Pathomechanismen dieselben. Es kann davon ausgegangen werden, dass aufgrund genetischer Prägung bestimmte Haarfollikel am Kapillitium eine verstärkte Sensitivität gegenüber Androgenen aufweisen. Die Forschungsergebnisse der letzten Jahre haben eine Vielzahl pathophysiologisch, diagnostisch und therapeutisch bedeutsamer Erkenntnisse hervorgebracht, deren klinisch relevante Aspekte und Neuerungen in dieser Übersicht dargestellt werden.

Abstract

Androgenetic alopecia is the most common form of hair loss in men and women. Although the clinical manifestations are different in men and women, the pathogenetic pathways leading to this type of hair loss are similar in both sexes. In short genetically predestined hair follicles show an increased sensitivity to androgens. In recent years, much new data concerning the pathophysiology, management and therapy of androgenetic alopecia has been gathered. This article gives a critical overview of these new findings and assesses their practical relevance.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Abb. 1
Abb. 2
Abb. 3
Abb. 4
Abb. 5
Abb. 6
Abb. 7
Abb. 8
Abb. 9

Literatur

  1. Andersson S, Bishop RW, Russell DW (1989) Expression cloning and regulation of steroid 5 alpha-reductase, an enzyme essential for male sexual differentiation. J Biol Chem 264:16249–16255

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Andersson S, Russell DW (1990) Structural and biochemical properties of cloned and expressed human and rat steroid 5 alpha-reductases. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 87:3640–3644

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Arai A, von Hintzenstern J, Kiesewetter F et al. (1990) In vitro effects of testosterone, dihydrotestosterone and estradiol on cell growth of human hair bulb papilla cells and hair root sheath fibroblasts. Acta Derm Venereol 70:338–341

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Aram H (1987) Treatment of female androgenetic alopecia with cimetidine. Int J Dermatol 26:128–130

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Battmann T, Bonfils A, Branche C et al. (1994) RU 58841, a new specific topical antiandrogen: a candidate of choice for the treatment of acne, androgenetic alopecia and hirsutism. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 48:55–60

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Bergfeld WF (1995) Androgenetic alopecia: an autosomal dominant disorder. Am J Med 98:95S–98S

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Birch MP, Messenger AG (2001) Genetic factors predispose to balding and non-balding in men. Eur J Dermatol 11:309–314

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Brenner S, Matz H (1999) Improvement in androgenetic alopecia in 53–76-year-old men using oral finasteride. Int J Dermatol 38:928–930

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Buhl AE (1991) Minoxidil’s action in hair follicles. J Invest Dermatol 96:73S–74S

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Buhl AE, Conrad SJ, Waldon DJ, Brunden MN (1993) Potassium channel conductance as a control mechanism in hair follicles. J Invest Dermatol 101:148S–152S

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Buhl AE, Waldon DJ, Baker CA, Johnson GA (1990) Minoxidil sulfate is the active metabolite that stimulates hair follicles. J Invest Dermatol 95:553–557

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Buhl AE, Waldon DJ, Conrad SJ et al. (1992) Potassium channel conductance: a mechanism affecting hair growth both in vitro and in vivo. J Invest Dermatol 98:315–319

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Carey AH, Chan KL, Short F et al. (1993) Evidence for a single gene effect causing polycystic ovaries and male pattern baldness. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 38:653–658

    Google Scholar 

  14. Carey AH, Waterworth D, Patel K et al. (1994) Polycystic ovaries and premature male pattern baldness are associated with one allele of the steroid metabolism gene CYP17. Hum Mol Genet 3:1873–1876

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Cash TF (1992) The psychological effects of androgenetic alopecia in men. J Am Acad Dermatol 26:926–931

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Cash TF, Price VH, Savin RC (1993) Psychological effects of androgenetic alopecia on women: comparisons with balding men and with female control subjects. J Am Acad Dermatol 29:568–575

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Devine BL, Fife R, Trust PM (1977) Minoxidil for severe hypertension after failure of other hypotensive drugs. Br Med J 2:667–669

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Diani AR, Mills CJ (1994) Immunocytochemical localization of androgen receptors in the scalp of the stumptail macaque monkey, a model of androgenetic alopecia. J Invest Dermatol 102:511–514

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Diani AR, Mulholland MJ, Shull KL et al. (1992) Hair growth effects of oral administration of finasteride, a steroid 5 alpha-reductase inhibitor, alone and in combination with topical minoxidil in the balding stumptail macaque. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 74:345–350

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Ekoe JM, Burckhardt P, Ruedi B (1980) Treatment of hirsutism, acne and alopecia with cyproterone acetate. Dermatologica 160:398–404

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Ellis JA, Stebbing M, Harrap SB (1998) Genetic analysis of male pattern baldness and the 5alpha-reductase genes. J Invest Dermatol 110:849–853

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Ellis JA, Stebbing M, Harrap SB (1999) Insulin gene polymorphism and premature male pattern baldness in the general population. Clin Sci (Lond) 96:659–662

    Google Scholar 

  23. Ellis JA, Stebbing M, Harrap SB (2001) Polymorphism of the androgen receptor gene is associated with male pattern baldness. J Invest Dermatol 116:452–455

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Ferriman D, Purdie AW (1979) The inheritance of polycystic ovarian disease and a possible relationship to premature balding. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 11:291–300

    Google Scholar 

  25. Gleeson MJ, Connolly J, Grainger R (1993) Self-castration as treatment for alopecia [see comments]. Br J Urol 71:614–615

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Gormley GJ, Stoner E, Rittmaster RS et al. (1990) Effects of finasteride (MK-906), a 5 alpha-reductase inhibitor, on circulating androgens in male volunteers. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 70:1136–1141

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Ha SJ, Kim JS, Myung JW et al. (2003) Analysis of genetic polymorphisms of steroid 5alpha-reductase type 1 and 2 genes in Korean men with androgenetic alopecia. J Dermatol Sci 31:135–141

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Hamilton JB (1942) Male hormone stimulation as a prerequisite and an incitement in common baldness. Am J Anat 71:451–453

    Google Scholar 

  29. Hamilton JB (1951) Patterned loss of hair in man: types and incidence. Ann N Y Acad Sci 53:708–728

    Google Scholar 

  30. Happle R, Hoffmann R (1999) Absence of male-pattern baldness in men with X-linked recessive ichthyosis? A hypothesis to be challenged. Dermatology 198:231–232

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Hautala T, Heikkinen J, Kivirikko KI, Myllyla R (1992) Minoxidil specifically decreases the expression of lysine hydroxylase in cultured human skin fibroblasts. Biochem J 283:51–54

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Hibberts NA, Messenger AG, Randall VA (1996) Dermal papilla cells derived from beard hair follicles secrete more stem cell factor (SCF) in culture than scalp cells or dermal fibroblasts. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 222:401–405

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Hiort O, Holterhus PM, Nitsche EM (1998) Physiology and pathophysiology of androgen action. Baillieres Clin Endocrinol Metab 12:115–132

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Hoffmann R (2001) TrichoScan: combining epiluminescence microscopy with digital image analysis for the measurement of hair growth in vivo. Eur J Dermatol 11:362–368

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Hoffmann R (2002) Male androgenetic alopecia. Clin Exp Dermatol 27:373–382

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Hoffmann R (2003) Steroidogenic isoenzymes in human hair and their potential role in androgenetic alopecia. Dermatology 206:85–95

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Hoffmann R, Niiyama S, Huth A et al. (2002) 17alpha-estradiol induces aromatase activity in intact human anagen hair follicles ex vivo. Exp Dermatol 11:376–380

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Hoffmann R, Rot A, Niiyama S, Billich A (in press) Steroid sulfatase activity in the human hair follicle concentrates in the dermal papilla- possible involvement in local androgen metabolism. J Invest Dermatol 114

  39. Horton R, Pasupuletti V, Antonipillai I (1993) Androgen induction of steroid 5 alpha-reductase may be mediated via insulin-like growth factor-I. Endocrinology 133:447–451

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Imperato-McGinley J, Peterson RE, Gautier T, Sturla E (1979) Male pseudohermaphroditism secondary to 5 alpha-reductase deficiency—a model for the role of androgens in both the development of the male phenotype and the evolution of a male gender identity. J Steroid Biochem 11:637–645

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Itami S, Sonoda T, Kurata S, Takayasu S (1994) Mechanism of action of androgen in hair follicles. J Dermatol Sci 7 [Suppl]:S98–103

    Google Scholar 

  42. Jenkins EP, Andersson S, Imperato-McGinley J et al. (1992) Genetic and pharmacological evidence for more than one human steroid 5 alpha-reductase. J Clin Invest 89:293–300

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Kaufman KD (1996) Androgen metabolism as it affects hair growth in androgenetic alopecia. Dermatol Clin 14:697–711

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Kaufman KD (1999) Finasteride, 1 mg (Propecia), is the optimal dose for the treatment of men with male pattern hair loss. Arch Dermatol 135:989–990

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Kaufman KD (2002) Long-term (5-year) multinational experience with finasteride 1 mg in the treatment of men with androgenetic alopecia. Eur J Dermatol 12:38–49

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Kaufman KD, Olsen EA, Whiting D et al. (1998) Finasteride in the treatment of men with androgenetic alopecia. Finasteride Male Pattern Hair Loss Study Group. J Am Acad Dermatol 39:578–589

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Kaufman KD, Olsen EA, Whiting D et al. (1998) Finasteride in the treatment of men with androgenetic alopecia. Finasteride Male Pattern Hair Loss Study Group. J Am Acad Dermatol 39:578–589

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Khandpur S, Suman M, Reddy BS (2002) Comparative efficacy of various treatment regimens for androgenetic alopecia in men. J Dermatol 29:489–498

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. König A, Happle R, Tchitcherina E et al. (2000) An X-linked gene involved in androgenetic alopecia: a lesson to be learned from adrenoleukodystrophy. Dermatology 200:213–218

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Küster W, Happle R (1984) The inheritance of common baldness: two B or not two B? J Am Acad Dermatol 11:921–926

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Lachgar S, Charveron M, Sarraute J et al. (1999) Anti-androgens and estrogens: modulators of VEGF expression in cultured hair dermal papilla cells. Exp Dermatol 8:336–338

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Ludwig E (1977) Classification of the types of androgenetic alopecia (common baldness) occurring in the female sex. Br J Dermatol 97:247–254

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Matias JR, Malloy V, Orentreich N (1989) Animal models of androgen-dependent disorders of the pilosebaceous apparatus. 1. The androchronogenetic alopecia (AGA) mouse as a model for male-pattern baldness. Arch Dermatol Res 281:247–253

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Matias JR, Orentreich N (1988) The effect of testosterone, cyproterone acetate, and minoxidil on hair loss in the androchronogenetic alopecia mouse. Clin Dermatol 6:169–176

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Michelet JF, Commo S, Billoni N et al. (1997) Activation of cytoprotective prostaglandin synthase-1 by minoxidil as a possible explanation for its hair growth-stimulating effect. J Invest Dermatol 108:205–209

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Mortimer CH, Rushton H, James KC (1984) Effective medical treatment of common baldness in women. Clin Exp Dermatol 9:342–350

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Niiyama S, Happle R, Hoffmann R (2001) Influence of estrogens on the androgen metabolism in different subunits of human hair follicles. Eur J Dermatol 11:195–198

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Nowakowski H, Lenz W (1961) Genetic aspects of male hypogonadism. Prog Horm Res 17:53–89

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Olsen EA, DeLong ER, Weiner MS (1986) Dose-response study of topical minoxidil in male pattern baldness. J Am Acad Dermatol 15:30–37

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Olsen EA, Dunlap FE, Funicella T et al. (2002) A randomized clinical trial of 5% topical minoxidil versus 2% topical minoxidil and placebo in the treatment of androgenetic alopecia in men. J Am Acad Dermatol 47:377–385

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Olsen EA, Weiner MS (1987) Topical minoxidil in male pattern baldness: effects of discontinuation of treatment. J Am Acad Dermatol 17:97–101

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Pan HJ, Wilding G, Uno H et al. (1998) Evaluation of RU58841 as an anti-androgen in prostate PC3 cells and a topical anti-alopecia agent in the bald scalp of stumptailed macaques. Endocrine 9:39–43

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Peereboom-Wynia JD, van der Willigen AH, van Joost T, Stolz E (1989) The effect of cyproterone acetate on hair roots and hair shaft diameter in androgenetic alopecia in females. Acta Derm Venereol 69:395–398

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Platz EA, Pollak MN, Willett WC, Giovannucci E (2000) Vertex balding, plasma insulin-like growth factor 1, and insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3. J Am Acad Dermatol 42:1003–1007

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Price VH, Menefee E (1996) Quantitative estimation of hair growth: coparative changes in weight and hair count with 5% and 2% minoxidil, placebo and no treatment. In: Neste va D Randall V. (eds) Hair research for the next millenium. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 67–72

  66. Price VH, Menefee E, Sanchez M et al. (2002) Changes in hair weight and hair count in men with androgenetic alopecia after treatment with finasteride, 1 mg, daily. J Am Acad Dermatol 46:517–523

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Price VH, Menefee E, Strauss PC (1999) Changes in hair weight and hair count in men with androgenetic alopecia, after application of 5% and 2% topical minoxidil, placebo, or no treatment. J Am Acad Dermatol 41:717–721

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Price VH, Roberts JL, Hordinsky M et al. (2000) Lack of efficacy of finasteride in postmenopausal women with androgenetic alopecia. J Am Acad Dermatol 43:768–776

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Randall VA, Thornton MJ, Messenger AG (1992) Cultured dermal papilla cells from androgen-dependent human hair follicles (e.g. beard) contain more androgen receptors than those from non-balding areas of scalp. J Endocrinol 133:141–147

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Rhodes L, Harper J, Uno H et al. (1994) The effects of finasteride (Proscar) on hair growth, hair cycle stage, and serum testosterone and dihydrotestosterone in adult male and female stumptail macaques (Macaca arctoides). J Clin Endocrinol Metab 79:991–996

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Rhodes L, Primka R, Berman C et al. (1995) Effects of 1 year treatment with oral MK386, an inhibitor of type 1 5a-reductase, in the stumptailed macaques (Macaca arctoides). J Invest Dermatol ❚:❚ (Abstr.)

  72. Sauter LS, Weibel ER (1971) Morphometric evaluation of skin structures by stereologic methods. Application to testosterone-treated rats. Dermatologica 143:174–183

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Sawaya ME, Blume-Peytavi U, Mullins D et al. (2002) Effects of finasteride on apoptosis and regulation of the human hair cycle. J Cutan Med Surg 6:1–9

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Sawaya ME, Price VH (1997) Different levels of 5alpha-reductase type I and II, aromatase, and androgen receptor in hair follicles of women and men with androgenetic alopecia. J Invest Dermatol 109:296–300

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Sawaya ME, Shalita AR (1998) Androgen receptor polymorphisms (CAG repeat lengths) in androgenetic alopecia, hirsutism, and acne. J Cutan Med Surg 3:9–15

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Shapiro J, Price VH (1998) Hair regrowth. Therapeutic agents. Dermatol Clin 16:341–356

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Shum KW, Cullen DR, Messenger AG (2002) Hair loss in women with hyperandrogenism: four cases responding to finasteride. J Am Acad Dermatol 47:733–739

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Signorello LB, Wuu J, Hsieh C et al. (1999) Hormones and hair patterning in men: a role for insulin-like growth factor 1? J Am Acad Dermatol 40:200–203

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Sonoda T, Kurata S, Asada Y, Takayasu S (1998) Message of protease nexin-1 is expressed in human dermal papilla cells and is affected by androgens. J Invest Dermatol 100:612 (Abst.)

    Google Scholar 

  80. Spindler JR, Data JL (1992) Female androgenetic alopecia: a review. Dermatol Nurs 4:93–99

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Sprecher E, Shalata A, Dabhah K et al. (2000) Androgenetic alopecia in heterozygous carriers of a mutation in the human hairless gene. J Am Acad Dermatol 42:978–982

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Stough DB, Rao NA, Kaufman KD, Mitchell C (2002) Finasteride improves male pattern hair loss in a randomized study in identical twins. Eur J Dermatol 12:32–37

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Takashima I, Montagna W (1971) Studies of common baldness of the stump-tailed macaque (Macaca speciosa). VI. The effect of testosterone on common baldness. Arch Dermatol 103:527–534

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Thigpen AE, Davis DL, Milatovich A et al. (1992) Molecular genetics of steroid 5 alpha-reductase 2 deficiency. J Clin Invest 90:799–809

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Thornton MJ, Hamada K, Messenger AG, Randall VA (1998) Androgen-dependent beard dermal papilla cells secrete autocrine growth factor(s) in response to testosterone unlike scalp cells. J Invest Dermatol 111:727–732

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Tosti A, Camacho-Martinez F, Dawber R (1999) Management of androgenetic alopecia. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 12:205–214

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Trueb RM, Meyer JC (2000) Male-pattern baldness in men with X-linked recessive ichthyosis. Dermatology 200:247–249

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Uno H, Cappas A, Brigham P (1987) Action of topical minoxidil in the bald stump-tailed macaque. J Am Acad Dermatol 16:657–668

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. van der Donk J, Passchier J, Dutree-Meulenberg RO et al. (1991) Psychologic characteristics of men with alopecia androgenetica and their modification. Int J Dermatol 30:22–28

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. van der Donk J, Passchier J, Knegt-Junk C et al. (1991) Psychological characteristics of women with androgenetic alopecia: a controlled study. Br J Dermatol 125:248–252

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Van Neste D, De Brouwer B, Dumortier M (1991) Reduced linear hair growth rates of vellus and of terminal hairs produced by human balding scalp grafted onto nude mice. Ann N Y Acad Sci 642:480–482

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Vanderveen EE, Ellis CN, Kang S et al. (1984) Topical minoxidil for hair regrowth. J Am Acad Dermatol 11:416–421

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Vexiau P, Chaspoux C, Boudou P et al. (2002) Effects of minoxidil 2% vs. cyproterone acetate treatment on female androgenetic alopecia: a controlled, 12-month randomized trial. Br J Dermatol 146:992–999

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Wahe M, Antonipillai I, Horton R (1993) Effects of transforming growth factor beta and epidermal growth factor on steroid 5 alpha-reductase activity in genital skin fibroblasts. Mol Cell Endocrinol 98:55–59

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Wester RC, Maibach HI, Guy RH, Novak E (1984) Minoxidil stimulates cutaneous blood flow in human balding scalps: pharmacodynamics measured by laser Doppler velocimetry and photopulse plethysmography. J Invest Dermatol 82:515–517

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Whiting DA, Olsen EA, Savin R et al. (2003) Efficacy and tolerability of finasteride 1 mg in men aged 41 to 60 years with male pattern hair loss. Eur J Dermatol 13:150–160

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Whiting DA, Waldstreicher J, Sanchez M, Kaufman KD (1999) Measuring reversal of hair miniaturization in androgenetic alopecia by follicular counts in horizontal sections of serial scalp biopsies: results of finasteride 1 mg treatment of men and postmenopausal women. J Investig Dermatol Symp Proc 4:282–284

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Williamson D, Gonzalez M, Finlay AY (2000) The effect of hair loss on quality of life. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 15:137–139

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Wilton L, Pearce G, Edet E et al. (1996) The safety of finasteride used in benign prostatic hypertrophy: a non- interventional observational cohort study in 14,772 patients. Br J Urol 78:379–384

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  100. Yu DW, Yang T, Sonoda T et al. (1995) Message of nexin 1, a serine protease inhibitor, is accumulated in the follicular papilla during anagen of the hair cycle. J Cell Sci 108:3867–3874

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Interessenkonflikt:

Der korrespondierende Autor weist auf eine Verbindung mit folgender Firma/Firmen hin: Autor ist u.a. Gesellschafter der Tricholog GmbH

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Universitäts-Hautklinik Marburg, Marburg

    R. Hoffmann

  2. Klinik für Dermatologie und Allergologie, Philipps-Universität, Deutschhausstraße 9, 35033 , Marburg

    R. Hoffmann

Authors
  1. R. Hoffmann
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to R. Hoffmann.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Hoffmann, R. Androgenetische Alopezie. Hautarzt 55, 89–111 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00105-003-0673-4

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00105-003-0673-4

Schlüsselwörter

Keywords

Search

Navigation