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Neuroendokrine kolorektale Tumoren

Chirurgische und endoskopische Therapieverfahren

Neuroendocrine colorectal tumors

Surgical and endoscopic treatment

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Zusammenfassung

Die Inzidenz der kolorektalen neuroendokrinen Tumoren (NETs) ist in den letzten Jahrzehnten in den entwickelten Ländern deutlich angestiegen. Dies ist in erster Linie der zunehmenden Verbreitung der (Vorsorge-)Endoskopie geschuldet, die immer häufiger klinisch asymptomatische Tumoren entdeckt, möglicherweise aber auch einer häufigeren Diagnosestellung entsprechend der WHO-Klassifikation. Weniger als 1% der kolorektalen NETs produzieren Serotonin, sodass diese Tumoren fast nie mit einem „Karzinoidsyndrom“ auffallen. Zur Festlegung der adäquaten Therapiestrategie ist ein exaktes und standardisiertes klinisch-pathologisches Staging unerlässlich, das den Tumortyp (gut – schlecht differenziert) und prognostische Risikofaktoren (Größe, Infiltrationstiefe, Angioinvasion, Lymphknotenbefall, Fernmetastasierung) umfasst. Schlecht differenzierte kolorektale NETs sind bei Diagnosestellung häufig bereits metastasiert, sodass der chirurgischen Therapie häufig nur eine palliative Rolle zukommt. Gut differenzierte Tumoren von mehr als 2 cm Größe haben ein hohes Risiko für eine (Lymphknoten-)Metastasierung; sie werden dementsprechend onkologisch radikal wie Adenokarzinome operiert. Die Mehrzahl der Kolon-NETs fällt in diese Gruppe. Tumoren kleiner 1 cm – hauptsächlich im Rektum lokalisiert – metastasieren sehr selten und können in der Regel endoskopisch oder transanal lokal-chirurgisch abgetragen werden. Der Größenbereich zwischen 1 und 2 cm stellt eine prognostische Grauzone dar: Hier muss unter Berücksichtigung der tumorspezifischen Risikofaktoren und der Komorbiditäten des Patienten eine individuelle und am besten gemeinsame interdisziplinäre Therapieentscheidung von Chirurg und Endoskopiker getroffen werden.

Abstract

The incidence of colorectal neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) is rising in developed countries primarily as a result of increased incidental detection by endoscopy and probably also due to a more adequate diagnosis according to the WHO classification. Less than 1% of colorectal NETs produce serotonin so that such tumors are practically never associated with a hormonal carcinoid syndrome. An exact clinico-pathological staging is of paramount importance for the therapeutic strategy and comprises the classification of the tumor type (well or poorly differentiated) and the assessment of established prognostic risk factors (depth of infiltration, vascular invasion, lymph node and distant metastases). Poorly differentiated colorectal NETs often present in an advanced, metastatic state, where surgical therapy is basically palliative. Well-differentiated tumors larger than 2 cm have a high risk of metastatic spread and should be treated as adenocarcinomas by radical oncological surgical resection. This applies to the majority of colon NETs. Tumors smaller than 1 cm, mainly locacted in the rectum, only rarely metastasize and are usually accessible for endoscopic treatment or transanal local surgery. Tumors between 1 and 2 cm in size have an uncertain prognosis and additional risk factors and co-morbidities of the patient have to be considered for a suitable, multidisciplinary therapeutic decision.

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Hotz, H., Bojarski, C. & Buhr, H. Neuroendokrine kolorektale Tumoren. Chirurg 82, 607–611 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00104-011-2072-1

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