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Chirurgisches Training am Simulator

„Virtual reality“

Surgical training using simulator

Virtual reality

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Zusammenfassung

Das Erlernen laparoskopischer Operationstechniken ist häufig komplex und zeitaufwendig, sodass gerade Anfänger eine gewisse Lernkurve benötigen. Als Alternative zu herkömmlichen Lehr- und Lernverfahren wie aktive Assistenz oder auch praktischen Laparoskopiekursen an perfundierten Organsystemen (Pop-Trainer) wurden Simulatoren für ein virtuelles Training entwickelt. Computerbasierte Module erlauben ein gezieltes Training verschiedener laparoskopischer Techniken in frei wählbaren Szenarien in Form der „virtual reality“ (VR). Derzeit stehen für die Viszeralchirurgie verschiedene Simulationssysteme zur Verfügung (MIST-VR®, LapSim®, Simsurgery®, Lap-Mentor®), deren Module Simulationen abstrakter Übungen bis hin zu komplexeren Operationen, wie z. B. die laparoskopische Sigmaresektion, ermöglichen.

Bedeutung und Stellenwert des Simulationstrainings wurden am Laparoskopiesimulator LapSim® nach einer konstruktiven Validierung untersucht. Dabei wurden auch der Einfluss nichttechnischer Aspekte und der Effekt des Simulationstrainings im Vergleich zu praktischen Laparoskopiekursen evaluiert. Zusammenfassend konnte für Anfänger der maximale Lernerfolg nachgewiesen werden. Die Fähigkeit zu abstraktem räumlichem Denken und eine positive Stressverarbeitung beeinflussen die Leistung am Simulator zusätzlich positiv. Simulationstraining kann die Lernkurve vor den Operationssaal verlagern und so zur Patientensicherheit beitragen. Es erscheint daher sinnvoll, das VR-Training in chirurgische Ausbildung zu integrieren. Unter ökonomischen Aspekten erscheint die Einrichtung regionaler VR-Trainingszentren sinnvoll, um eine möglichst breite Implementierung des VR-Trainings zu gewährleisten. Entwicklung und Anwendung der VR-Simulatoren sollten vor dem Hintergrund der Patientensicherheit ebenso professionell vorangetrieben werden wie die von Flugsimulatoren in der Luftfahrt.

Abstract

Learning of laparoscopic operative skills is often complex and time consuming resulting in a learning curve especially for novices in surgery. Virtual reality (VR) simulation was developed as an alternative to conventional training, such as active assistance and conventional laparoscopic training with artificially perfused organs (Pop-Trainer). VR simulation enables a wide range of repeatable laparoscopic techniques in variable virtual scenarios. For abdominal surgery four different simulation systems (MIST-VR®, LapSim®, Simsurgery®, Lap-Mentor®) are currently available and the modules allow simulation of abstract exercises to more advanced laparoscopic procedures, such as laparoscopic sigmoid resection.

The effect of VR training on laparoscopic performance and its impact on non-technical skills was evaluated using the simulator LapSim® after a constructive validity study. Novices benefited most from VR training and performance in the operating room improved significantly after VR training. Good spatial perception and positive stress coping strategies also enhanced laparoscopic performance. VR simulation provides a tool to shift the laparoscopic learning curve outside the operating room and thus contributes to patient safety. It would be worthwhile to include VR training in the surgical curriculum. For economic reasons regional training centers seem to be an effective way to realize a broad implementation of VR simulation in surgical training. Application and development of VR simulators should be professionally promoted just as flight simulators in aviation.

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Maschuw, K., Hassan, I. & Bartsch, D. Chirurgisches Training am Simulator. Chirurg 81, 19–24 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00104-009-1757-1

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