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Chirurgische Therapie von Infektionen der Hand

Teil I

Surgical therapy for hand infections

Part I

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Zusammenfassung

Die Hand ist aufgrund ihrer anatomischen Besonderheiten und ihrer Funktion als Greiforgan besonders gefährdet, bei Verletzungen eine bakterielle Infektion zu erleiden. Die meisten Handinfektionen treten posttraumatisch auf. Keimisolate beinhalten dabei vornehmlich Staphylococcus aureus und ß-hämolysierende Streptokokken der Gruppe A. Bei Bissverletzungen durch Hunde und Katzen finden sich Pasteurella canis oder multocida, bei Bissverletzungen durch den Menschen und Eikenella corrodens. Eine besondere Form infektionsgefährdeter Verletzungen besteht in der „Fight-bite-clenched-fist-Verletzung“ mit Penetration der metakarpophalangealen Gelenkkapsel und der Gefahr einer septischen Arthritis. Grundsätzlich stützt sich die Therapie der Handinfektionen auf drei Eckpfeiler: 1. die chirurgische Intervention, 2. die adäquate antibiotische Therapie und 3. die frühfunktionelle Physiotherapie. Lediglich einige wenige Ausnahmen (Erysipel, beginnende Paronychie) können primär konservativ behandelt werden. Die antibiotische Therapie muss erregerspezifisch sein und dem Resistenzmuster des Keimes entsprechen. Bei Bisswunden ist allgemein eine antibiotische Therapie mit einem ß-Laktam-Antibiotikum und einem ß-Laktamase-Hemmer sinnvoll. Staphylococcus-aureus- und Streptokokkeninfektionen können gut mit einem Cephalosporin der ersten oder zweiten Generation behandelt werden. Eine zunehmende Resistenzlage bei Staphylokokkeninfektionen ist zu beachten. Infektionen mit Anaerobiern und gasbildenden Keimen sind selten, treten aber bevorzugt bei Diabetikern und immunkompromittierten Patienten auf.

Abstract

Due to its function, anatomy, and exposition to multiple pathogens, the hand is highly susceptible to infection. Most of these infections are post-traumatic. Isolates of pathogens from infected hands contain mainly Staphylococcus aureus and ß-hemolytic group A streptococci. We find Pasteurella canis and P. multocida from cat and dog bite wounds and Eikenella corrodens from human bite wounds. The “fight-bite clenched fist” wound, with penetration of the metacarpophalangeal joint and its high risk of septic arthritis, has always to be suspected when patients present with human bites. The therapy of hand infection is based on three principles: surgical treatment, adequate antimicrobial therapy, and early physiotherapy. Early infectious conditions of the hand, e.g. cellulitis and early paronychia, may be treated without surgery. Antimicrobial treatment must be specific for the pathogen and its resistance to antimicrobial agents. Bite wounds should be treated with ß-lactam antibiotics and ß-lactamase inhibitors. Staphylococci and streptococci can be covered by first and second generation cephalosporins. The increasing resistance of staphylococci to antibiotics has to be taken into account. Infections with anaerobic and gas-producing bacteria are rare but occur predominantly in diabetics and immune-compromised individuals.

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Kall, S., Vogt, P.M. Chirurgische Therapie von Infektionen der Hand. Chirurg 76, 615–628 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00104-005-1043-9

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