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Nahrungsmittelallergien im Kindesalter

Food allergy in childhood

  • Leitthema
  • Published:
Bundesgesundheitsblatt - Gesundheitsforschung - Gesundheitsschutz Aims and scope

Zusammenfassung

Die IgE-vermittelte Soforttypreaktion ist die häufigste Form der Nahrungsmittelallergie im Kindesalter. Es werden hierbei primäre (vorwiegend frühkindliche) und sekundäre (vorwiegend pollenassoziierte) Allergien, die in ihrer Schwere unterschiedlich verlaufen, unterschieden. Hühnerei, Kuhmilch und Erdnuss sind hierbei häufige Auslöser der primären Nahrungsmittelallergie. Während die Hühnerei- und Kuhmilchallergie eine gute Prognose haben, bleibt die Erdnussallergie häufig lebenslang bestehen. Für die Diagnostik sind die Anamnese, der Nachweis einer Sensibilisierung und ggf. eine orale Nahrungsmittelprovokation notwendig. Insbesondere bei der Erdnuss- und Haselnussallergie hat sich die komponentenbasierte Diagnostik, bei der spezifisches IgE gegen einzelne Allergene (z. B. Ara h 2) gemessen wird, als hilfreich erwiesen. In Bezug auf die Therapie ist die Eliminationsdiät nach wie vor das einzige anerkannte Verfahren. Die Beratung durch eine Ernährungsfachkraft ist hierbei hilfreich. Patienten mit erhöhtem Anaphylaxierisiko benötigen ein entsprechendes Notfallset, inklusive eines Adrenalinautoinjektors. Eine Instruktion im Umgang mit dem Autoinjektor sollte bei Verordnung erfolgen und ein Anaphylaxie-Pass ausgestellt werden. Des Weiteren ist die Teilnahme der Patienten bzw. ihrer Betreuer an einem Anaphylaxie-Schulungskurs zu empfehlen. Kausale Therapien wie die orale, sublinguale oder epikutane Immuntherapie sind zurzeit in der Entwicklung. In Bezug auf die Prävention der Nahrungsmittelallergie konnte gezeigt werden, dass es für einen präventiven Effekt einer diätetischen Restriktion durch Meidung potenter Nahrungsmittelallergene im ersten Lebensjahr keine Belege gibt. Inwieweit jedoch die frühzeitige Gabe präventiv und sicher ist, wird gerade in großen kontrollierten Interventionsstudien untersucht. Es konnte kürzlich gezeigt werden, dass die Entwicklung einer Erdnussallergie in Säuglingen mit schwerer atopischer Dermatitis und/oder Hühnereiallergie in einem Land mit hoher Prävalenz durch die frühzeitige Gabe im 4.–11. Lebensmonat verringert werden konnte, wenn die Kinder nicht bereits allergisch waren.

Abstract

IgE-mediated immediate type reactions are the most common form of food allergy in childhood. Primary (often in early childhood) and secondary (often pollen-associated) allergies can be distinguished by their level of severity. Hen’s egg, cow’s milk and peanut are the most common elicitors of primary food allergy. Tolerance development in hen’s egg and cow’s milk allergy happens frequently whereas peanut allergy tends toward a lifelong disease. For the diagnostic patient history, detection of sensitization and (in many cases) oral food challenges are necessary. Especially in peanut and hazelnut allergy component-resolves diagnostic (measurement of specific IgE to individual allergens, e. g. Ara h 2) seem to be helpful. In regard to therapy elimination diet is still the only approved approach. Patient education through dieticians is extremely helpful in this regard. Patients at risk for anaphylactic reactions need to carry emergency medications including an adrenaline auto-injector. Instruction on the usage of the adrenaline auto-injector should take place and a written management plan handed to the patient. Moreover, patients or caregivers should be encouraged to attending a structured educational intervention on knowledge and emergency management. In parallel, causal therapeutic options such as oral, sublingual or epicutaneous immunotherapies are currently under development. In regard to prevention of food allergy current guidelines no longer advise to avoid highly allergenic foods. Current intervention studies are investigating wether early introduction of highly allergic foods is effective and safe to prevent food allergy. It was recently shown that peanut introduction between 4 and 11  months of age in infants with severe atopic dermatitis and/or hen’s egg allergy (if they are not already peanut allergic) prevents peanut allergy in a country with high prevalence.

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Correspondence to Kirsten Beyer.

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Interessenkonflikt

K. Beyer und B. Niggemann stehen im Beschäftigungsverhältnis der Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin. K. Beyer erhielt Honorare für Beratertätigkeit oder Vorträge von Danone, Nestlé, Meda Pharma, Bausch & Lomb, ALK, Novartis, Unilever, AllergoPharma, HAL, Aimmune und MedUpdate, B. Niggemann für Vorträge von Allergopharma, InfectoPharm, Meda Pharma, Nutricia. Sie erhielten Forschungsgelder von der Europäischen Union, der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft, Food Allergy & Anaphylaxis Network, Bea-Stiftung (www.bea-stiftung.com), Danone, Hipp, Hycor, ThermoFischer, DST Diagnostische Systeme & Technologien GmbH, Aimmune, DBV.

Dieser Beitrag beinhaltet keine Orginaldaten von den Autoren durchgeführten Studien an Menschen oder Tieren.

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Beyer, K., Niggemann, B. Nahrungsmittelallergien im Kindesalter. Bundesgesundheitsbl 59, 732–736 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00103-016-2353-4

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