Zusammenfassung
Infolge der immer ausgeprägteren Globalisierung im internationalen Warenhandel und der hohen Reisetätigkeit der Bevölkerung gewinnen exotische Krankheitserreger, die durch Stechmücken übertragen werden, in Europa zunehmend an Bedeutung. In Deutschland kommen etwa 50 verschiedene Stechmückenarten vor, von denen etliche Vektorkompetenz für Pathogene besitzen. So wurden in den letzten Jahren bereits verschiedene zoonotische Arboviren mit humanpathogener Bedeutung in Stechmücken aus Deutschland nachgewiesen, darunter Usutu-, Sindbis- und Batai-Viren. Auch Filarien wie der Hundehautwurm Dirofilaria repens wurden wiederholt in Stechmücken aus Brandenburg gefunden. Mit dem Auftreten weiterer Erreger, insbesondere dem West-Nil-Virus, muss in absehbarer Zeit in Deutschland gerechnet werden, da es bereits in den Nachbarländern Frankreich, Österreich und Tschechien zirkuliert. Die Übertragung exotischer Arboviren könnte zusätzlich unterstützt werden durch das verstärkte Vorkommen neuer sog. invasiver Stechmückenarten wie dem Japanischen Buschmoskito Ochlerotatus japonicus oder der Asiatischen Tigermücke Aedes albopictus, die hohe Vektorkompetenz für verschiedene Pathogene besitzen und gleichzeitig den Menschen als bevorzugte Blutquelle nutzen. Um diesen Entwicklungen zu begegnen und Risikoabschätzungen vornehmen zu können, wurden in den vergangenen Jahren in Deutschland verschiedene Projekte zur Erfassung von Stechmücken und ihrer Pathogene initiiert. Gleichzeitig müssen Bekämpfungsstrategien und Handlungsanweisungen erarbeitet werden, um möglichen Vektor-assoziierten Epidemien frühzeitig und effizient entgegenwirken zu können.
Abstract
As a result of intensified globalization of international trade and of substantial travel activities, mosquito-borne exotic pathogens are becoming an increasing threat for Europe. In Germany some 50 different mosquito species are known, several of which have vector competence for pathogens. During the last few years a number of zoonotic arboviruses that are pathogenic for humans have been isolated from mosquitoes in Germany including Usutu, Sindbis and Batai viruses. In addition, filarial worms, such as Dirofilaria repens have been repeatedly detected in mosquitoes from the federal state of Brandenburg. Other pathogens, in particular West Nile virus, are expected to emerge sooner or later in Germany as the virus is already circulating in neighboring countries, e.g. France, Austria and the Czech Republic. In upcoming years the risk for arbovirus transmission might increase in Germany due to increased occurrence of new so-called “invasive” mosquito species, such as the Asian bush mosquito Ochlerotatus japonicus or the Asian tiger mosquito Aedes albopictus. These invasive species are characterized by high vector competence for a broad range of pathogens and a preference for human blood meals. For risk assessment, a number of mosquito and pathogen surveillance projects have been initiated in Germany during the last few years; however, mosquito control strategies and plans of action have to be developed and put into place to allow early and efficient action against possible vector-borne epidemics.
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Interessenkonflikt. N. Becker, A. Krüger, C. Kuhn, A. Plenge-Bönig, S.M. Thomas, J. Schmidt-Chanasit und E. Tannich geben an, dass kein Interessenkonflikt besteht. Dieser Beitrag beinhaltet keine Studien an Menschen oder Tieren.
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Becker, N., Krüger, A., Kuhn, C. et al. Stechmücken als Überträger exotischer Krankheitserreger in Deutschland. Bundesgesundheitsbl. 57, 531–540 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00103-013-1918-8
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00103-013-1918-8