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New approaches to sexuality education and underlying paradigms

Neue Ansätze der Sexualaufklärung und zugrunde liegende Paradigmen

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Bundesgesundheitsblatt - Gesundheitsforschung - Gesundheitsschutz Aims and scope

Abstract

The issue of sexuality education has been—and still is—contested to varying degrees. While sexuality education in many western European countries has a long tradition going back to the 1950s, in other parts of the world it became more prominent after the onset of the HIV epidemic in the 1980s. At present, the field is characterized by different underlying paradigms often rooted in moral convictions. The dominant approach in the US to sexuality education is mainly influenced by public health concerns—including prevention of HIV and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs), unintended pregnancies, and possibly sexual abuse. This approach may include“abstinence-only” messages, but could also be more open and offer comprehensive information as a means to harm reduction. Another approach, rooted in a European understanding of sexuality education and published in the“Standards for Sexuality Education in Europe” (2010), is based on the human rights of children and adolescents to access information and education and at its core has a positive understanding of sexuality. This article highlights international developments around sexuality education, with a focus on Europe. It also compares differences in approaches and their often implicit underlying paradigms, with the aim of generating more international discussion on the advantages and disadvantages of these different approaches. International organizations need to be aware of the different approaches and need to reflect them in their work.

Zusammenfassung

Sexualaufklärung war und ist in unterschiedlichem Maße noch heute ein umstrittenes Feld. Während Sexualaufklärung eine lange Tradition in vielen westeuropäischen Ländern hat und bis in die 1950er-Jahre zurückgeht, hat sie in anderen Teilen der Welt erst nach Beginn der HIV-Epidemie in den 1980er-Jahren an Bedeutung gewonnen. Gegenwärtig ist das Feld der Sexualaufklärung gekennzeichnet von verschiedenen zugrunde liegenden Paradigmen, die oft auf moralischen Überzeugungen basieren. Der dominante Ansatz der Sexualaufklärung in den USA zielt insbesondere auf Public-Health-Belange ab (und schließt die Prävention von HIV und anderen sexuell übertragbaren Krankheiten, von ungewollten Schwangerschaften und möglicherweise auch von sexuellem Missbrauch ein). Dieser Ansatz kann sich auf Abstinenzbotschaften beschränken, er kann aber auch darüber hinausgehen und umfassendere Informationen im Sinne einer Schadensminimierung geben. Ein anderer Ansatz, der in einem europäischen Verständnis von Sexualaufklärung wurzelt und in den „Europäischen Standards für Sexualaufklärung“ (2010) publiziert wurde, basiert auf den Rechten von Kindern und Jugendlichen auf Zugang zu Informationen und Bildung. Im Zentrum dieses Ansatzes steht ein positives Verständnis von Sexualität. Dieser Artikel zeigt internationale Entwicklungen beim Thema Sexualaufklärung auf, mit Fokus auf Europa. Auch Unterschiede in den Ansätzen und deren oft implizit zugrunde liegenden Paradigmen werden verglichen, mit dem Ziel die internationale Diskussion über die Vor-und Nachteile der verschiedenen Ansätze stärker zu befördern. Internationale Organisationen sollten sich der verschiedenen Ansätze bewusst sein und sie in ihrer Arbeit reflektieren.

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Notes

  1. IPPF participated in this initiative, but it also published a separate guide: Braeken D, Shand T, ja de Silva U (2010) IPPF framework for comprehensive sexuality education (CSE). From choice, a world of possibilities. London. IPPF. http://www.ippf.org/NR/rdonlyres/CE7711F7-C0F0–4AF5-A2D5–1E1876C24928/0/Sexuality.pdf.

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Ketting, E., Winkelmann, C. New approaches to sexuality education and underlying paradigms. Bundesgesundheitsbl. 56, 250–255 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00103-012-1599-8

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