Zusammenfassung
Obwohl affektive Erkrankungen seit Jahrzehnten intensiv untersucht werden, besteht überraschend großer Forschungsbedarf bezüglich ihrer Ätiopathogenese. So existiert zwar eine Fülle an neurobiologischen und psychosozialen Erklärungsansätzen, jedoch sind viele der in ihnen postulierten ursächlichen Faktoren noch nicht befriedigend empirisch bewiesen und in übergreifende Modelle integriert. Am besten belegt ist bisher, dass die genetische Belastung eine entscheidende Rolle spielt. Es wird jedoch lediglich die Vulnerabilität für die Erkrankung vererbt, d. h., eine Depression kann sich selbst bei einer entsprechenden genetischen Disposition erst im Zusammenspiel mit psychosozialen Auslösefaktoren manifestieren. Aus psychosozialer Perspektive legen die verschiedenen Schulen bezüglich dieser Faktoren unterschiedliche Schwerpunkte: Während psychoanalytische Theorien die Vulnerabilität für eine Depression vor allem in einem in der frühen Kindheit entstandenen fragilen Selbstwertsystem sehen, subsumieren behavioral-kognitive Ansätze unter prädisponierenden Faktoren dysfunktionale Kognitionen gepaart mit gelernter Hilflosigkeit und Verhaltensdefiziten sowie mit einem Mangel an positiv verstärkenden Aktivitäten. Interpersonelle Theorien gehen hingegen immer von einem gestörten bzw. dysfunktionalen psychosozialen und interpersonellen Kontext aus. In der Ätiopathogenese der schwer zu behandelnden chronischen Depression scheinen insbesondere frühe Traumata sowie ein präoperatorisches Denken eine wichtige Rolle zu spielen. Zusammenfassend kann festgestellt werden, dass nur bio-psycho-soziale Modelle, die biologische, neurobiologische und psychosoziale Vulnerabilitäten und Stressoren berücksichtigen, es ermöglichen, die Ätiopathogenese der Depression zu beschreiben und zu ergründen.
Abstract
Despite its clinical and socio-economic relevance, surprisingly little is known on the etiology of depression. A multitude of neurobiological and psychosocial hypotheses have been postulated but most lack empirical validity or cannot be integrated into comprehensive pathophysiological models. In neurobiological research, most evidence supports a contribution of genetic factors in the causation of depression. However, it seems that only the susceptibility for the disorder is inherited which ultimately causes the onset of depressive symptoms by interacting with psychosocial adversity. More recent research suggests an important role for altered stress responses and disturbed neuroplasticity in the etiopathogenesis of depression. From a psychosocial point of view, the different approaches prioritize different aspects. Psychoanalytical approaches assume a fragile self-worth system developed in early childhood as a decisive vulnerability factor for later depression. Behavioral-cognitive theories focus on dysfunctional cognitions coupled with learned helplessness and behavioural deficits as well as a failing in positive reinforced activities as predisposing factors for affective disorders. Interpersonal theories, however, postulate that the psychosocial and interpersonal context is most important for the development and course of depression. With regard to the etiopathogenesis of the so called difficult-to-treat chronic depression, especially early traumata as well as preoperational patterns of thinking seem to play a decisive role. In conclusion, only biopsycho- social models which integrate neurobiological and psychosocial vulnerabilities and stressors have the potential to contribute to a better understanding of the etiology of depression.
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Brakemeier, EL., Normann, C. & Berger, M. Ätiopathogenese der unipolaren Depression. Bundesgesundheitsbl. 51, 379–391 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00103-008-0505-x
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00103-008-0505-x