Skip to main content
Log in

Die Perforation des Hypopharynx als seltene, lebensbedrohliche Komplikation der endotrachealen Intubation

Perforation of the hypopharynx as a rare life-threatening complication of endotracheal intubation

  • Kasuistiken
  • Published:
Der Anaesthesist Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Zusammenfassung

Hintergrund

Die endotracheale Intubation gilt als „golden standard“ bei der Atemwegssicherung mit geringer Komplikationsrate. Perforierende Verletzungen des Atem- und Speiseweges zählen hierbei zu den seltenen schwer wiegenden Komplikationen.

Material und Methode

Es werden zwei Fälle einer Hypopharynxperforation als Komplikation nach elektiver Intubationsnarkose im Vergleich zur Literatur vorgestellt.

Ergebnisse

Während bei einer Patientin die Intubation als erschwert eingeschätzt wurde, war die zweite Patientin ohne Risikofaktoren. Die erste Patientin entwickelte das typische klinische Bild am ersten postoperativen Tag. Die andere Patientin zeigte zunächst eine geringe klinische Symptomatik. Erst zunehmende Schluckbeschwerden im Verlauf führten zur Diagnose eines ausgedehnten retropharyngealen Abszesses. Als Folge entwickelte sich ein Atemnotzustand, der einen primär invasiven Atemwegszugang erforderte. In beiden Fällen führte die chirurgische Intervention in Kombination mit einer antibiotischen Therapie zur folgenlosen Abheilung.

Schlussfolgerungen

Ärzte, die endotracheal intubieren oder Patienten nach einer Intubation behandeln, sollten das klinische Bild einer Perforation des Hypopharynx kennen. Nur so sind eine frühzeitige Diagnostik und Therapie vor der Ausbildung einer manifesten Mediastinitis möglich. Bei drohender „Cannot-intubate-cannot-ventilate-Situation“ hat ein weitlumiger transtrachealer Atemwegszugang unter Lokalanästhesie und Spontanatmung Vorrang; hierbei nimmt die temporäre Tracheotomie einen wichtigen Stellenwert für die Atemwegsicherung ein. Präventiv sind die konsequente Evaluierung „schwieriger Atemwegsverhältnisse“ und eine atraumatische Durchführung der direkten Laryngoskopie und endotrachealen Intubation von Bedeutung.

Abstract

Background

Endotracheal intubation is regarded as the gold standard technique to secure the airway with a low complication rate, however, perforating tracheal or esophageal injuries are rare but severe complications.

Materials and methods

Two cases of hypopharyngeal perforation after intubation are presented and discussed.

Results

While intubation of the first patient was anticipated to be difficult, the second patient did not present any risk factors. One patient developed a typical clinical pattern of difficult swallowing, soft tissue emphysema of the neck, pyrexia, and leukocytosis. The other initially showed minor symptoms but increasing difficulties in swallowing led to the diagnosis of a retropharyngeal abscess. A subsequent acute airway obstruction required emergency invasive airway access. In both cases surgical intervention in combination with antibiotic therapy resulted in complete healing.

Conclusions

Physicians performing endotracheal intubation or dealing with patients after intubation, should be aware of the clinical symptoms because only early diagnosis and therapy can prevent development of mediastinitis. In “cannot intubate-cannot ventilate” situations, wide bore transtracheal airway access under local anaesthesia and spontaneous breathing should have priority and temporary tracheotomy should also be considered. To prevent hypopharyngeal injury a thorough evaluation of the “difficult airway” and the atraumatic performance of direct laryngoscopy and endotracheal intubation are mandatory.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Abb. 1
Abb. 2
Abb. 3

Literatur

  1. Airway Management. Leitlinie der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Anästhesiologie und Intensivmedizin (2004) Anaesthesiol Intensivmed 45:302–306

    Google Scholar 

  2. Beydon L, Lorino AM, Verra F, Labroue M, Catoire P, Lofaso F, Bonnet F (1995) Topical upper airway anesthesia with lidocaine increases airway resistance by impairing glottic function. Intensive Care Med 21:920–926

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Biro P, Russi W (2000) Emergency transtracheal oxygenation techniques and long-term transtracheal oxygen therapy. In: Bolliger CT, Mathur PN (eds) Interventional bronchoscopy. Prog Respir Res 30:226–234

    Google Scholar 

  4. Boucher C, Dorion D, Fisch C (1999) Retropharyngeal abscesses: a clinical and radiologic correlation. J Otolaryngol 28:134–137

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Branthwaite MA (1999) An unexpected complication of the intubating laryngeal mask. Anaesthesia 54:166–167

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Ching NP, Ayres SM, Spina RC, Nealon TF Jr (1974) Endotracheal damage during continuous ventilatory support. Ann Surg 179:123–127

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Cormack RS, Lehane J (1984) Difficult tracheal intubation in obstetrics. Anesthesia 39:1105–1119

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Cosby ET, Cooper RM, Douglas MJ et al. (1998) The unanticipated difficult airway with recommendations for management. Can J Anaesth 45:757–776

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Domino KB, Posner KL, Caplan RA, Cheney FW (1999) Airway injury during anesthesia: a closed claims analysis. Anesthesiology 91:1703–1711

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Gamin F, Caldicott LD, Shah MV (1994) Mediastinitis and sepsis syndrome following intubation. Anaesthesia 49:883–885

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Ghahremani GG, Turner MA, Port RB (1980) Iatrogenic intubation injuries of the upper gastrointestinal tract in adults. Gastrointest Radiol 5:1–10

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Gillespie MB, Eisele DW (1999) Outcomes of emergency surgical airway procedures in a hospital-wide setting. Laryngoscope 109:1766–1769

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Gottschall R (2005) Atemwegsmanagement in der Intensivmedizin. J Anaesth Intensivbeh 1:124-129

    Google Scholar 

  14. Guillet R, Motin J, Baulieux J, Lavoipierre C, Berthet M (1975) A further case of esophageal perforation by tracheal intubation during general anesthesia. Chirurgie 101:734–743

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Hawkins DB, House JW (1974) Postoperative pneumothorax secondary to hypopharyngeal perforation during anesthetic intubation. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 83:556–557

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Heidegger T, Gerig HJ, Keller C (2003) Vergleich von Algorithmen für das Management des schwierigen Atemweges. Anaesthesist 52:381–392

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Hirsch IA, Reagan JO, Sullivan N (1990) Complications of direct laryngoscopy. Anaesthesiol Rev 16:34–40

    Google Scholar 

  18. Ho AMH, Chung DC, To EWH, Karmakar MK (2004) Total airway obstruction during local anesthesia in a non-sedated patient with compromised airway. Can J Anesth 51:838–841

    Google Scholar 

  19. Horn T, Pasche R, Kehtari R (1993) Esophageal perforation in a fruitless attempt at endotracheal intubation. Rev Med Suisse Romande 113:909–915

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Irrmann-Rapp C, Morand G, Witz JP, Gauthier-Lafaye JP (1971) Perforation of the cervical esophagus, rare accident of tracheal intubation. Anesth Analg 28:371–375

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Johnson KG, Hood DD (1986) Esophageal perforation associated with endotracheal intubation. Anesthesiology 64:281–283

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Jougon J, Cantini O, Delcambre F, Minniti A, Velly JF (2001) Esophageal perforation: life threatening complication of endotracheal intubation. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 20:7–10

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Katz Y, Rus M, Peleg H, Rosenberg B (1989) Delayed diagnosis of esophageal perforation. Harefuah 116:195–197

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Ku PK, Tong MC, Ho KM, Kwan A, Hasselt CA van (1998) Traumatic esophageal perforation resulting from endotracheal intubation. Anesth Analg 87:730–731

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Levine PA (1980) Hypopharyngeal perforation. An untoward complication of endotracheal intubation. Arch Otolaryngol 106:578–585

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Miller KA, Harkin CP, Bailey PL (1995) Postoperative tracheal extubation. Anesth Analg 80:149–172

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Mort TC, Gotay R (2000) The relationship between laryngoscopic attempts and airway complications: should we limit the attemps to 3 during emergency intubation? 2000 ASA Meeting Abstracts, A-223, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia

    Google Scholar 

  28. Myers EM (1982) Hypopharyngeal perforation: a complication of endotracheal intubation. Laryngoscope 92:583–585

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Nagel M, Konopke R, Wehrmann U, Saeger HD (1999) Management der Ösophagusperforation. Zentralbl Chir 124:489–494

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. O’Neill JE, Giffin JP, Cottrell JE (1984) Pharyngeal and esophageal perforation following endotracheal intubation. Anesthesiology 60:487–488

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Ott PM (2000) Der perakute Erstickungsnotfall: Was tun? Schweiz Rundsch Med Prax 89:571–574

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Ozer S, Benumof JL (1999) Oro- and nasogastric tube passage in intubated patients: fiberoptic description of where they go at the laryngeal level and how to make them enter the esophagus. Anesthesiology 91:137–143

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Ranchere JY, Gordiani B, Lupo C, Serror PM, Bobin JY (1992) Perforation of the esophagus during attempted endotracheal intubation. Ann Fr Anesth Reanim 11:100–102

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Raven KP, Reay DT, Harruff RC (1999) Artifactual injuries of the larynx produced by resuscitative intubation. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 20:31–36

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Reyes G, Galvis AG, Thompson JW (1992) Esophagotracheal perforation during an emergency intubation. Am J Emerg Med 10:223–225

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Richards CF (1998) Piriform sinus perforation during esophageal-tracheal Combitube placement. Emerg Med 16:37–39

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Rieger A (2002) Intubationsschäden: Inzidenz, Komplikationen, Konsequenzen. In: Krier C, Georgi R (Hrsg) Airway-Management. Die Sicherung der Atemwege. Thieme, Stuttgart, S 139–153

  38. Rieger A, Brunne B, Hass I, Brummer G, Spies C, Striebel HW, Eyrich K (1997) Laryngo-pharyngeal complaints following mask airway and endotracheal intubation. J Clin Anesth 9:42–47

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Sproesser ME, Lichtenstein A, Rocha Ados S (1990) Esophageal perforation caused by tracheal intubation. Rev Hosp Clin Fac Med Sao Paulo 45:185–187

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Tartell PB, Hoover LA, Friduss ME, Zuckerbraun L (1990) Pharyngoesophageal intubation injuries: three case reports. Am J Otolaryngol 11:256–260

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Vigneau D, Calvet H, Pessey JJ, Lacomme Y (1987) A little known cause of cervicomediastinitis by hypopharyngeal perforation: tracheal intubation. Rev Laryngol Otol Rhinol 108:489–492

    CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Danksagung

Für Hinweise bei der Abfassung des Manuskripts danken wir Frau Dr. med. Rotraud Neumann, Institut für Diagnostische und Interventionelle Radiologie, sowie Frau Dr. med. Rosemarie Fröber, Institut für Anatomie I, Klinikum der FSU Jena.

Interessenkonflikt:

Der korrespondierende Autor versichert, dass keine Verbindungen mit einer Firma, deren Produkt in dem Artikel genannt ist, oder einer Firma, die ein Konkurrenzprodukt vertreibt, bestehen.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to S. Koscielny.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Koscielny, S., Gottschall, R. Die Perforation des Hypopharynx als seltene, lebensbedrohliche Komplikation der endotrachealen Intubation. Anaesthesist 55, 45–52 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00101-005-0873-7

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00101-005-0873-7

Schlüsselwörter

Keywords

Navigation